Synthesis of durene by methylation of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene with syngas over bifunctional CuZnZrO_x–HZSM-5 catalysts

Abstract

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene (durene) is a value-added aromatic used in producing high-end polyesters. The known synthesis routes of durene by 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TriMB) methylation with methanol or direct conversion from syngas suffer from...

A review of the recent progress on direct heterogeneous catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to gasoline-range hydrocarbons

“…[47][48][49]52,97,98 Furthermore, there have been some reports on the CO 2 conversion to aromatics via a tandem reaction involving methanol synthesis and the subsequent alkylation with benzene or toluene to xylene, ethylbenzene and other specific aromatic hydrocarbons. [53][54][55][56]99,100…”

Upgrading Trimethylbenzene to Durene by CO2-Mediated Methylation over Cu-Boosted ZnZrOx Integrated with HZSM-5

“…In particular, if durene could be obtained with high selectivity, regardless of the composition of the light aromatics, it is also expected to make PI synthesis eliminate the control of petroleum industries upstream. However, current research predominantly focuses on the alkylation of light aromatics, converting benzene into toluene and xylene, − as well as converting toluene to xylene. , Studies on the selective synthesis of value-added heavy aromatics like durene and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, especially regarding the conversion of mixed aromatics into specific compounds, remain limited. − …”

Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Analyses of Direct CO2 Methylation with Toluene to para-Xylene

“…One is the indirect methylation route including CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol , and subsequent methanol methylation with toluene, ,, where the metal oxide (MO X ) and modified zeolite are the catalysts for these two steps separately. The other one is the direct methylation route upon a bifunctional catalyst combining CO 2 hydrogenation and methylation as a tandem catalysis process. − Similarly, syngas (CO + H 2 ), as another C1 feedstock, has also been introduced in the direct methylation route, − while direct CO 2 methylation with benzene has also demonstrated to be more advantageous. , For direct CO 2 methylation, Zuo and Yuan et al concluded that the methoxy H 3 CO* species formed on MO X preferably migrate into the channel of zeolite for methylation with adsorbed toluene rather than desorb as methanol. Liu et al believed that the intermediate-generated methanol is the key species that consumed by benzene or toluene on the acid sites of zeolite.…”

“…The other one is the direct methylation route upon a bifunctional catalyst combining CO 2 hydrogenation and methylation as a tandem catalysis process. 15 − 18 Similarly, syngas (CO + H 2 ), as another C1 feedstock, has also been introduced in the direct methylation route, 19 − 22 while direct CO 2 methylation with benzene has also demonstrated to be more advantageous. 23 , 24 For direct CO 2 methylation, Zuo and Yuan et al 9 concluded that the methoxy H 3 CO* species formed on MO X preferably migrate into the channel of zeolite for methylation with adsorbed toluene rather than desorb as methanol.…”