Synthesis of environment friendly biosurfactants and characterization of interfacial properties for cosmetic and household products formulations

Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Amino Acid‐Based Anionic Surfactants and Characterization of Their Interfacial Properties for Detergent Products Formulation

“…Owing to the amphiphilic behavior of surfactant molecules, surfactant molecules preferentially move to the air–liquid, air–solid, or liquid–liquid interface until the interface becomes completely saturated and thus cannot accept any more surfactant molecule (Lee et al, , ; Lim et al, ; Lim & Chung, ). During this process, the alignment of surfactant molecules at the air–water interface occurs through a sequence of following steps (Lee et al, , ): The dissociation of a micellar aggregate into monomers; a slow relaxation process with a lifetime of 10 −3 to 1 s. The molecular diffusion of surfactant monomers from a bulk solution to the air–water interface. The adsorption/desorption of surfactant molecules at the air–water interface. …”

“…The Gibbs adsorption equation was employed with surface tension measurement data to estimate the surface excess concentration Γ and the area occupied by each surfactant molecule at the air-water interface σ (Lee, Lee, Yu, & Lim, 2018). Dynamic surface tension measurement is important in many industrial processes such as emulsification and foaming (Lee, Lee, Yu, & Lim, 2016;Lee et al, 2018). A maximum bubble pressure tensiometer (Kruss BP2, Hamburg, Germany) was used to measure surface tension at 25 C as a function of surface age to check how fast surfactant molecules accumulate at the air-water interface and thus lower Scheme 2 Synthetic routes of CGN where R corresponds to the cocoyl chain the interfacial free energy (Lee et al, 2016(Lee et al, , 2018.…”

“…Dynamic surface tension measurement is important in many industrial processes such as emulsification and foaming (Lee, Lee, Yu, & Lim, 2016;Lee et al, 2018). A maximum bubble pressure tensiometer (Kruss BP2, Hamburg, Germany) was used to measure surface tension at 25 C as a function of surface age to check how fast surfactant molecules accumulate at the air-water interface and thus lower Scheme 2 Synthetic routes of CGN where R corresponds to the cocoyl chain the interfacial free energy (Lee et al, 2016(Lee et al, , 2018. The contact angle, indication of the wetting property of a liquid over a solid surface (Lim & Chung, 2012;Lim, Kang, Park, Kang, & Lee, 2012;Lim, Lee, Lim, & Kim, 2014;Lim, Park, Park, & Lee, 2013), was measured at 25 C using a drop shape analysis system (Kruss DSA100, Hamburg, Germany).…”

“…Since the surface tension or surface free energy of surfactant solutions depends on the number of surfactant molecules at the air-water interface, the greater concentration of CGK surfactant molecules at the interface results in the lower surface tension of the CGK surfactant system. Owing to the amphiphilic behavior of surfactant molecules, surfactant molecules preferentially move to the airliquid, air-solid, or liquid-liquid interface until the interface becomes completely saturated and thus cannot accept any more surfactant molecule (Lee et al, 2016(Lee et al, , 2018Lim et al, 2013;Lim & Chung, 2012). During this process, the alignment of surfactant molecules at the air-water interface occurs through a sequence of following steps (Lee et al, 2016(Lee et al, , 2018:…”

Increase in bacterial biosurfactant production by co‐cultivation with biofilm‐forming bacteria

“…Biosurfactants are produced by a wide range of microorganisms (Rahman and Gakpe 2008) and present several advantages: they are less toxic than chemical surfactants, and more biodegradable, biocompatible (Nguyen et al 2010;Franzetti et al 2012;De Oliveira et al 2017) and stable in extreme conditions of salinity, temperature and pH (Khopade et al 2012;Liwarska-Bizukojc et al 2018). The spectrum of applications includes petroleum exploration and bioremediation (Zhao et al 2018), control of biofilms and biocorrosion (Parthipan et al 2018), pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (Ferreira et al 2017), food processing (Kiran et al 2017), biopesticides (Lahkar et al 2018) and detergents (Lee et al 2018). However, the widespread application of BSF is still limited by high production costs.…”