Synthesis of FeCl3-activated carbon derived from waste Citrus limetta peels for removal of fluoride: An eco-friendly approach for the treatment of groundwater and bio-waste collectively

Siddique, Adil; Nayak, Ashish Kumar; Singh, Jiwan

doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100339

Cited by 72 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Malachite green dye adsorbed by Citrus grandis peels revealed the change in ∆G • from −21.55 to −24.22 kJ.mol −1 , in the temperature range of 303 to 333 K, indicating enhanced spontaneity at high temperatures [140]. Similar results were also observed during the removal of fluoride using a Citrus limetta peels adsorbent activated with FeCl 3 [56]. A thermodynamic study for the removal of methylene blue dye using Citrus limetta peel waste exhibited Gibbs free energy (∆G • ) values in favor of the process [48] (Table 5).…”

Section: Thermodynamic Observationssupporting

confidence: 73%

Biotransformation of Citrus Waste-II: Bio-Sorbent Materials for Removal of Dyes, Heavy Metals and Toxic Chemicals from Polluted Water

et al. 2021

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Industrial processes and anthropogenic activities generate huge amounts of wastes in the form of chemicals, such as heavy metals, dyes, fertilizers, pharmaceutically active chemicals, battery effluents and so on. When these chemicals are left untreated and discarded in the ground or surface waters, they not only cause pollution and harm the ecosystem but also cause toxic effects on the health of human beings, animals and food crops. There are several methods of removal of these toxic materials from the wastewaters, and adsorption by bio-sorbents has been demonstrated as one of the most inexpensive, efficient and convenient methods. Citrus is one of the largest grown fruit crops in the tropical and subtropical regions on the planet. After processing of the fruits at food processing industries, approximately half of the fruit mass is discarded as waste, which causes a number of pollution problems. Alternately, this biomass can be converted to bio-sorbents for the removal of harmful and toxic chemicals from the industrial effluents and wastewaters. The first part of this article contains a thorough review on the biotransformation of citrus waste for the production of biofuel and valuable compounds by fermentation involving microorganisms. The second and concluding part reviews the recent progress in biotransformation of citrus waste biomass (that may be remaining post-extraction of valuable compounds/biofuel generation) into efficient adsorbent substrate materials and their adsorption capacities. The article also includes the details of the synthesis process and mechanisms of adsorption processes.

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Section: Thermodynamic Observationssupporting

confidence: 73%

Biotransformation of Citrus Waste-II: Bio-Sorbent Materials for Removal of Dyes, Heavy Metals and Toxic Chemicals from Polluted Water

et al. 2021

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“…The work proposed two active sites for the adsorption/oxidation of Hg 0 , namely Fe 3+ and oxygen-rich functional groups, especially the C=O groups. Siddique et al [125] analyzed the adsorption of fluoride anions on an activated carbon obtained by FeCl 3 activation of Citrus limetta peels. The maximum adsorption capacity was close to 10 mg•g −1 , with the the adsorption process being spontaneous and endothermic.…”

Section: Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

et al. 2020

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This study reviews the most relevant results on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of activated carbons obtained by novel chemical activation with FeCl3. The text includes a description of the activation mechanism, which compromises three different stages: (1) intense de-polymerization of the carbon precursor (up to 300 °C), (2) devolatilization and formation of the inner porosity (between 300 and 700 °C), and (3) dehydrogenation of the fixed carbon structure (>700 °C). Among the different synthesis conditions, the activation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of FeCl3 to carbon precursor), are the most relevant parameters controlling the final properties of the resulting activated carbons. The characteristics of the carbons in terms of porosity, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties are analyzed in detail. These carbons showed a well-developed porous texture mainly in the micropore size range, an acidic surface with an abundance of oxygen surface groups, and a superparamagnetic character due to the presence of well-distributed iron species. These properties convert these carbons into promising candidates for different applications. They are widely analyzed as adsorbents in aqueous phase applications due to their porosity, surface acidity, and ease of separation. The presence of stable and well-distributed iron species on the carbons’ surface makes them promising catalysts for different applications. Finally, the presence of iron compounds has been shown to improve the graphitization degree and conductivity of the carbons; these are consequently being analyzed in energy storage applications.

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“…and the adsorbate, or a chemical reaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. In fact, at pH<pH ZCN , the surface of the carbon is positively charged, which promotes the adsorption of the anions, while the adsorption of cations is favored at pH>pH ZCN , where the surface of the carbon is negatively charged [28][29][30]135,159,176,184,196,211,[222][223][224]. Tu et al [183] studied the sorption properties of Bermuda grass derived activated carbon for Cr(VI) removal.…”

Section: Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, activated carbon has been used effectively for defluorination of water. By way of example, the citrus limetta peels give, by activation with FeCl 3 , an activated carbon with a maximum monolayer capacity of 9.7 mg/g under the optimal adsorbent dosage conditions 1 g/L, a contact time of 240 min, and a temperature of 25 • C with fluoride concentration ranging from 5 to 30 mg/L [28].…”

Section: Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is therefore necessary to purify wastewater before it is released into the environment. Thus, several wastewater treatment technologies have been developed, the adsorption of which on porous materials is proving to be one of the most promising techniques for the removal of pollutants from wastewater due to its affordable price and ease of disposal at large-scale use [27][28][29][30]. The most widely used adsorbents are activated carbons, and they are considered the most useful for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants due to their structural variability (macro-, meso-, and micropores), their large specific surface area, and a wide availability of functional groups [29,31,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current State of Porous Carbon for Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2020

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Porous materials constitute an attractive research field due to their high specific surfaces; high chemical stabilities; abundant pores; special electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties; and their often higher reactivities. These materials are currently generating a great deal of enthusiasm, and they have been used in large and diverse applications, such as those relating to sensors and biosensors, catalysis and biocatalysis, separation and purification techniques, acoustic and electrical insulation, transport gas or charged species, drug delivery, and electrochemistry. Porous carbons are an important class of porous materials that have grown rapidly in recent years. They have the advantages of a tunable pore structure, good physical and chemical stability, a variable specific surface, and the possibility of easy functionalization. This gives them new properties and allows them to improve their performance for a given application. This review paper intends to understand how porous carbons involve the removal of pollutants from water, e.g., heavy metal ions, dyes, and organic or inorganic molecules. First, a general overview description of the different precursors and the manufacturing methods of porous carbons is illustrated. The second part is devoted to reporting some applications such using porous carbon materials as an adsorbent. It appears that the use of porous materials at different scales for these applications is very promising for wastewater treatment industries.

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Synthesis of FeCl3-activated carbon derived from waste Citrus limetta peels for removal of fluoride: An eco-friendly approach for the treatment of groundwater and bio-waste collectively

Cited by 72 publications

References 64 publications

Biotransformation of Citrus Waste-II: Bio-Sorbent Materials for Removal of Dyes, Heavy Metals and Toxic Chemicals from Polluted Water

Biotransformation of Citrus Waste-II: Bio-Sorbent Materials for Removal of Dyes, Heavy Metals and Toxic Chemicals from Polluted Water

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Current State of Porous Carbon for Wastewater Treatment

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