Synthesis of Ferroelectric Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ by Alternative Routes:  Wet No-Coprecipitation Chemistry and Mechanochemical Activation

Abstract

Novel synthesis methods have been investigated for the preparation of Bi4Ti3O12 ferroelectric Aurivillius-type powders, namely, the wet no-coprecipitated chemistry using a n-butylamine aqueous solution and two mechanochemical activation techniques (vibrating and planetarium mills). For the sake of comparison, Bi4Ti3O12 powders were also produced by the traditional ceramic route. The syntheses of the crystalline phases were obtained by annealing of the precursors at different temperatures and times. Both the precursors and the thermally treated products were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The Aurivillius phase was found to appear at 600 °C for vibrating and 500 °C for planetarium-milled precursors. These temperatures are 250−350 °C lower than those reported for the traditional ceramic route (850 °C). Moreover, the stabilization at room temperature of a new fluorite Bi−Ti−O structure was obtained by use of the planetarium milling precursor. The microstructure of the powder investigated by SEM was correlated with the XRD results. In particular, monolithic Bi4Ti3O12 grains of a few microns in size were achieved by means of the wet chemistry method.

Óxidos con estructura tipo perovsquita laminar: síntesis, características estructurales y propiedades eléctricas

“…Con el fin de optimizar las condiciones de obtención del óxido Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , se han ensayado los métodos de la n-butilamina y de activación mecanoquímica, tanto con molino vibratorio como planetario (32). Para el método por vía húmeda, se parte de la cantidad estequiométrica requerida de anatasa (TiO 2 ), la cual se añade en estado sólido a una disolución acuosa de nitrato de bismuto, con agitación permanente, hasta la obtención de una suspensión.…”

Relaxor behaviour in BaBi4Ti4O15 ceramics fabricated using the powders obtained by mechanochemically assisted synthesis route

“…Synthesis associated with mechanochemical route would help to *Author for correspondence (kbrvarma@mrc.iisc.ernet.in) overcome these problems to a certain extent. A wide range of ferroelectric materials, including those belonging to Aurivillius oxides, has been made using mechanical activation and extensively investigated for their physical properties (Lisoni et al 2001;Sim et al 2004;Ferrer et al 2007;Lazarević et al 2009a,b). Lazarević et al (2009a) have reported the formation of BBT by heating the homogenized mixture of BaTiO 3 and Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 at 1100 °C for 4 h (Lazarević et al 2009a,b).…”

Aminopolycarboxylate Bismuth(III)-Based Heterometallic Compounds as Single-Source Molecular Precursors for Bi4V2O11and Bi2CuO4Mixed Oxides

“…When high-tech materials and devices with dimensions on the nanometer scale are concerned, more sophisticated synthetic pathways such as chemical vapour deposition, 16 mechanochemical activation, 17 hydrothermal methods, 18 sol-gel 19 or ionic layer deposition 20 are better choices.…”