Synthesis of Glycerides of Fatty Acids by Inorganic Solid Catalysts: A Review

Abstract

Homogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of mono‐ and di‐glycerides have received wide acceptability due to their fast reaction rates. However, environmental issues and purification costs have led to the search for alternatives. Heterogeneous catalysts gained the attention of researchers because they can be applied to continuous processes, can be regenerated and can be used multiple times. This study reviews the available literature on solid catalysts used in the production of glycerides of fatty acids. It discusses the preparation methods, the reaction conditions and the results obtained in the three more important synthesis reactions: fatty acid esterification with glycerol, glycerolysis of fatty acid methyl ester and glycerolysis of triglycerides. The reported heterogeneous catalysts that were found to be the most active in the esterification reaction are the ones with strong acid sites. In the case of the glycerolysis, the most studied solid catalysts are Mg, Zn and Ca oxides, resulting in high monoglyceride yield.

Polyesters Inspired by Glycerides: Enzymatic Polycondensation, Structure, Properties, and Nanoparticle Preparation

“…Usually, mono- and diglycerides are amphiphilic due to the presence of hydroxyl groups, and triglycerides are hydrophobic . Mono- and diglycerides can act as surfactants and emulsifiers, and they are capable of self-assembly into nanostructures such as micelles, vesicles, and bicontinuous phases. , Both the surface-active properties and morphology of the nanostructures of these molecules can be adjusted by tuning structural parameters, such as the length of the hydrophobic segment of the fatty acid and the nature of the hydrophilic head, or by adjusting the molar ratio between mono-, di-, and triglycerides in their mixture. , The structure and property relationship of glycerides can be described using simple and well-established mathematical models, such as the critical packing parameter (CPP) or the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) …”

Direct gem‐Difluoroalkenylation of X−H Bonds with Trifluoromethyl Ketone N‐Triftosylhydrazones for Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Heteroatomic gem‐Difluoroalkenes

“…Various functionalities on the alkyl sidechain of primary alcohols were well tolerant, such as phenyl, furyl, ether, trimethylsilyl (TMS), halogen (Cl), trifluoromethyl, pyranyl, acetyl, ester, amide, as well as alkene and alkyne motifs, allowing for further derivatizations ( 49 – 62 ). The current strategy can be used to build polyfunctionalized products, for example, trihydroxymethylmethane could be successfully converted to the trimer product ( 63 ) in a 63 % yield, which would be potentially useful as a bioisostere for the synthesis of glyceride derivatives [14] …”

Pd/Mg(OH)2/MgO–ZrO2 Nanocomposite Systems for Highly Efficient Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction at Room Temperature: Implications for Low-Carbon Green Organic Synthesis

“…The integral area can be used to calculate the number of weak, medium, and strong basic sites under the TPD curves for the temperature range of 100–250, 250–500 and 500–800 °C, respectively, and the calculated results are listed in Table S2. Usually, MgO is a basic oxide, and its basicity is mainly concentrated in the basic medium, which is much greater than that of ZrO 2 . , Incorporation of the tetragonal phase of ZrO 2 makes the weak base increase and the medium base decrease, resulting in the reduction of total basicity compared with pure MgO. After Pd loading, Pd/MZ-0.0 shows more medium and strong basic sites than MgO.…”