Synthesis of Highly Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether sulfide) for Polymeric Optical Waveguides

Abstract

Ethynyl-terminated fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfide) (E-FPAESI) was synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution from dihydroxy monomer and pentafluorophenyl sulfide, followed by the reaction with 3-ethynylphenol. Dihydroxy monomer was synthesized in four steps via bromination, Grignard, Suzuki cross-coupling, and demethylation techniques. The number-average molecular weights and polydispersities of the E-FPAESI were in the ranges of 7700−23 000 and 1.53−2.89, respectively. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers varied from 126 to 171 °C and upon curing in the range of 168−236 °C. E-FPAESI exhibited high thermal stability up to 451−483 °C. The refractive indices and birefringences of the spin-coated polymer films were in the ranges of 1.4943−1.5047 and 0.0004−0.0009 at 1550 nm wavelength, respectively. The optical loss for E-FPAESI was about 0.45 dB/cm at 1550 nm wavelength.

Morphological transformation during cross-linking of a highly sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide nitrile) random copolymer

“…Exothermic heat flow was observed as the cross-linking reaction proceeded. About 80% of 35 the thermal curing reaction took place within 20 min. After the thermal treatment for about 100 min, cross-linking was terminated.…”

“…30 To date, PEM materials with diverse chemical architectures and additives have been investigated as alternatives to perfluorinated sulfonic acid state-of-the-art ionomers such as Nafion ® . The potential candidates are mainly derived from relatively cheap aromatic hydrocarbons, and are composed of 35 hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties for proton transport and mechanical integrity, respectively. Effective well-connected water structures formation for rapid proton conduction has been achieved by polymer architecture such as multiblock copolymers [5][6][7][8] , comb-shaped or triblock copolymers [9][10][11][12] , and 40 highly sulfonatable copolymers 13,14 , side-chain sulfonated polymers 15 etc.…”

“…Their morphological characteristics are highly dependent on their DS values. Relatively low DS XESPSN50 exhibits hydrophilic spheroidal 35 clusters with non-uniform diameter size of 10-25 nm within interconnected hydrophobic copolymer phases (Fig. 3b), while XESPSN60 shows a worm-like morphology with bi-continuous hydrophilic and hydrophobic network in narrow diameter ranges of 15-20 nm and 20-25 nm, respectively (Fig.…”

Synthesis of new fluorene-based poly(aryl ether) containing pendant tert-butyl groups for low dielectric materials

“…Another approach to reduce the dielectric constant of aromatic polymers can be realized by incorporation of fluorine atoms or fluorinated groups [11]. These fluorinated polymers usually have better solubility and lower dielectric constant and moisture absorption comparison with the non-fluorinated polymers due to the low polarizability and hydrophobicity of flurine [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, the synthesis and purification of fluorinated monomers are often complicated and difficult.…”

Free radical copolymerization of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl α‐fluoroacrylate and tert‐butyl α‐trifluoromethylacrylate: Thermal and optical properties of the copolymers

“…Fluorinated polymers are high value-added materials for various applications, due to their outstanding properties [1][2][3][4][5][6] . Such polymers exhibit high potential for optical communication applications due to their advantages over conventional glass materials, like low weight, flexibility, easiness to handle and high transparency at the transmission wavelengths (i.e.…”