Synthesis of In₂S₃thin films by spray pyrolysis from precursors with different [S]/[In] ratios

Abstract

Indium sulfide (In 2 S 3 / thin films were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique from solutions with different [S]/[In] ratios on glass substrates at a constant temperature of 250 ı C. Thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy and optical transmittance spectroscopy. All samples exhibit a polycrystalline structure with a preferential orientation along (0, 0, 12). A good stoichiometry was attained for all samples. The morphology of thin film surfaces, as seen by SEM, was dense and no cracks or pinholes were observed. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows active modes belonging to ˇ-ln 2 S 3 phase. The optical transmittance in the visible range is higher than 60% and the band gap energy slightly increases with the sulfur to indium ratio, attaining a value of 2.63 eV for [S]/[In] D 4.5.

Chemical spray pyrolysis of β-In2S3 thin films deposited at different temperatures

“…However, we believe that the main reason for higher bangaps is related to oxygen content due to diffusion from ITO/glass substrates. In fact, when In 2 S 3 films are sprayed onto glass substrates on similar temperature and [S]/[In] ratio conditions the diffusion of oxygen is very low and consequently the bandgap of In 2 S 3 films is also lower [19]. …”

Tuning the Crystal Phase and Morphology of the Photoluminescent Indium Sulphide Nanocrystals and Their Adsorption‐Based Catalytic and Photocatalytic Applications

“…Now‐a‐days it is used as a promising alternative of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) semiconducting nanomaterials in Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) based solar cells . In addition, it is also used for phosphor applications, photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen, biological imaging sensors and photocatalytically degradation of organic dyes ,. Consequently, there are several synthesis methods of In 2 S 3 nanomaterials such as hydrothermal, chemical bath deposition, solution phase synthesis, solvothermal,, ionic liquid assisted solvothermal, glancing angle deposition, chemical spray pyrolysis, etc.…”

“…In addition, it is also used for phosphor applications, photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen, biological imaging sensors and photocatalytically degradation of organic dyes ,. Consequently, there are several synthesis methods of In 2 S 3 nanomaterials such as hydrothermal, chemical bath deposition, solution phase synthesis, solvothermal,, ionic liquid assisted solvothermal, glancing angle deposition, chemical spray pyrolysis, etc. As a result, various types of morphology have been noticed for In 2 S 3 for instances nanorods, nanobelt, microspheres, floriated, walnut, stacked superstructures, nanosheets etc.…”

Electrodeposition of CuGaSe2 and CuGaS2 thin films for photovoltaic applications

“…The crystallite size D is the size of the crystal in the perpendicular direction to the reflecting planes [17]. It is noteworthy that the crystallite size is slightly bigger for CuGaS2 than for CuGaSe2 films, i.e.…”