Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia application: effect of ultrasonic irradiation assisted co-precipitation route

Abstract

In this research, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised by co-precipitation route with the aid of ultrasonic irradiation. The morphology, crystallite size, particle size, and structural analysis of magnetic NPs were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal properties of magnetic NPs were also investigated by specific loss power (SLP) measurements. The X-ray diffraction patterns determined the formation of maghemite and magnetite phases. The results obtained from the TEM analysis indicated that the mean particle size of maghemite and magnetite NPs was 20 ± 0.2 nm and 22 ± 0.3 nm, respectively. Moreover, the crystallite size was calculated by modified Scherrer method. Vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to evaluate magnetic behaviour of the synthesised NPs. The magnetic saturation for both γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 was 44 emu g−1 and 55 emu g−1, and coercivity field was 2 Oe and 70 Oe, respectively. The SLP values for synthesised NPs were significant, and the temperature of these magnetic NPs reached 44 °C–47 °C within 10 min in the existence of an external magnetic field with an intensity of about 6 kA/m. This temperature range seems to be appropriate for hyperthermia application and destruction of cancerous cells. In addition, the size of these magnetic NPs was less than 50 nm, which facilitates better penetration of these NPs into the cancerous tumours.

Fabrication of Curcumin Diethyl γ-Aminobutyrate-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanocarriers for Improvement of Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cells

“…Moreover, the XRD patterns reveal that the synthesized IONPs were Fe 3 O 4 (magnetite). The heat involved in the fabrication process (85 • C) was lower than the temperature range of 220 to 600 • C which would lead to the formation of other forms of IONPs such as hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) and maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), as supported by previous studies [39,57,58].…”

“…Previous The TEM images reveal an agglomeration of the uncoated IONPs (Figure 4). Previous studies reveal a similar phenomenon due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions of the particles forming microclusters [39]. The diameter of the uncoated IONPs was approximately 20 nm.…”

“…The core (IONP) and shell (Ch) were approximately 33 and 3 nm, respectively. The Ch-IONPs may appear as agglomerates due to the processing of the samples during the TEM analysis, as demonstrated by a previous study [39]. The drying process resulted in the shrinking of Ch on the surface of the IONPs and may have built bridges leading to higher interaction with other Ch-IONPs [42].…”

Photocatalytic Dye Degradation and Bio-Insights of Honey-Produced α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles

“…Metal oxides (MOs) play a key role in the areas of material science, sensors, UV shielding, photovoltaics, hydrogen generation, dye degradation, anti-fogging glass, photocatalysts, adsorption [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], etc. In recent years, plentiful approaches have been projected for the synthesis of metal oxide, including methods such as microemulsion, auto combustion, co-precipitation, the sol-gel method, the non-aqueous route, pyrolysis reaction, thermal decomposition, solvothermal, hydrothermal, and mechano-chemical processing, emulsion techniques, laser ablation, gamma ray irradiation, solid-state reaction, and sono-chemical preparation [13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, with some of these methods, toxic chemicals are used in the fusion, which produces non-eco-friendly, unsafe and hazardous byproducts.…”

Optimization of Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on Clinoptilolite-Based Adsorbents Using Response Surface Methodology

“…The primary nominal component of the MAG-CLI spectrum corresponds to a sextet, which indicates that these particles are larger than 20 nm and magnetic, while smaller particles in the superparamagnetic state below 10 nm correspond to a spectral doublet. According to the previous studies on the influence of ultrasound irradiation on the physicochemical properties of iron oxide particles [ 51 , 52 ], the applied sonication conditions should not affect the magnetic properties of iron oxide particles. Thus, it was assumed that the iron oxide phases present in MAG-CLI remained unchanged after the GO coating.…”