Synthesis of magnetic mesoporous nanocrystalline KOH/ZSM-5-Fe3O4 for biodiesel production: Process optimization and kinetics study

Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil

“…The larger surface area of the catalyst provided a larger area for adsorption on the surface, which enhanced the forward reaction [47] and resulted in higher FAME conversion. The pore sizes of the three types of synthesized nanomagnetic CaO-based catalyst ranged from 2.15 to 3.79 nm, which means that mesopores catalysts were produced [45]. The BET results illustrate that the Li additive catalysts had higher selectivity due to their smaller pore size and smaller pore volume compared to the other two synthesized catalysts.…”

“…The BET specific surface area, pore volume, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size of CaO powder and synthesized nanomagnetic CaO-based catalysts, KF/CaO-Fe3O4, KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Li and KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al, are shown in Table 2. The properties of synthesized catalysts dramatically decreased compared to CaO powder due to magnetization and impregnation, due to the pore blockage caused by additives [45]. The specific surface area of synthesized nanomagnetic CaO-based catalyst was 27.84 m 2 /g.…”

Zeolite-Based Catalysts: A Valuable Approach toward Ester Bond Formation

“…It was observed that after 7 h, 5 wt % catalyst concentration, alcohol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, and 65 • C reaction temperature, the conversion of mustard oil to biodiesel was about 84.6%. Rezayan et al [83] synthesized magnetic mesoporous nanocrystalline KOH/ZSM-5-Fe 3 O 4 and investigated its catalytic activity in biodiesel synthesis via transesterification of canola oil. The effects of reaction time, alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, and catalyst amount parameters were evaluated by Box-Behnken procedure.…”

“…After completion of the transesterification reaction, the magnetic catalyst was separated by applying a magnetic field and recycled five times without obvious reduction in catalytic efficiency. Moreover, a kinetics study was performed, which showed that the process obeys the behavior of pseudo-first-order reactions with a frequency factor of 2.15 × 10 17 min −1 and an activation energy of 122.7 kJ mol −1 [83].…”

Supermagnetic Nano-Bifunctional Catalyst from Rice Husk: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Conversion of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

“…The incorporation of nano-magnetic particles such as ferrite ion through impregnation, precipitation, co-precipitation, and sol-gel method as a supporting agent to the solid catalyst aids in the easy separation between the catalyst and reaction media after the transesterification process [21]. The biodiesel conversion of canola oil through transesterification by using 9.03 wt % of magnetic mesoporous KOH/ZMS-5-Fe 3 O 4 at 65 • C reaction temperature, 12.3 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 3.26 h resulted in 93.65% of biodiesel [22]. The nano-magnetic ZnO/BiFeO 3 catalyst showed highly catalytic performance in transesterification in which the FAME/biodiesel yield was more than 92.08% even after the use of five times under optimum reaction conditions (molar ratio of methanol/canola oil of 15:1, temperature of 65 • C, and a catalyst amount of 4 wt %) [23].…”