Synthesis of Materials Produced From Spent Batteries With Environmental Application

Nascimento, Mayra Aparecida; Cruz, Jean C.; Reis, Marina Ferreira dos; Alpino, Carolina Teixeira Costa; Marcelo, Cristiana Resende; Rodrigues, Guilherme Dias; Oliveira, André Fernando de; Lopes, Renata Pereira

doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20170578

Cited by 2 publications

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“…6 Spent batteries become rich sources of minerals such as Zn and Mn, that can be used as raw materials for new batteries production or in other industrial sectors. 8 The global mineral reserves of Zn were estimated to be 250 Mt (metric) in 2021, and the annual consumption being about 13 Mt (metric) and it is arising. 9 The global Mn reserves were estimated at 1.7 Gt (metric) in 2021, with an annual consumption of 20 Mt (metric).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Batteries recycling decreases the amount of spent batteries waste sent to landfill, and it improves the preservation of mineral reserves 6 . Spent batteries become rich sources of minerals such as Zn and Mn, that can be used as raw materials for new batteries production or in other industrial sectors 8 . The global mineral reserves of Zn were estimated to be 250 Mt (metric) in 2021, and the annual consumption being about 13 Mt (metric) and it is arising 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction and separation of potassium, zinc and manganese issued from spent alkaline batteries by a three‐unit hydrometallurgical process

García,

Delgado Cano,

Valverde

et al. 2024

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BackgroundBatteries play a vital role in meeting global energy needs. When their life cycle concludes, improperly discarded spent batteries can pose environmental risks primarily due to their metal content. In this sense, the recycling of metals contained in spent batteries could mean a huge advantage if they are extracted and purified using environmentally friendly processes.ResultsIn this study, the recovery of potassium (K), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) from alkaline batteries was performed using a hydrometallurgical process consisting of neutral, acid and acid reductive leaching steps at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to extract K, Zn and Mn. In the neutral leaching step, 76.8 ± 3.4 (wt. %) of the K present in the spent batteries was extracted. Thus, in the acid leaching step, 90.9 ± 0.1 (wt. %) of the initial Zn and 36.7 ± 0.4 (wt. %) of the initial Mn was extracted using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2 M. In a subsequent acid reductive leaching step using H2SO4 2 M and oxygen peroxide (H2O2) 0.8 M as reducing agent, 8.7 ± 0.1 (wt. %) of the initial Zn and up to 49.4 ± 0.2 (wt. %) of the initial Mn were extracted.ConclusionThe three‐unit process led to an overall extraction of 99.6 ± 0.3 (wt. %) of Zn and 86.1 ± 0.1 (wt. %) of Mn. Regarding the latter step, the extraction was not 100% because Mn complexes which are nearly insoluble were generated. This shows that extraction of valuable minerals from industrial residues is possible by hydrometallurgical processes.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and separation of potassium, zinc and manganese issued from spent alkaline batteries by a three‐unit hydrometallurgical process

García,

Delgado Cano,

Valverde

et al. 2024

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Optimization of Chitosan Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Beads for Reactive Blue 4 Anionic Dye Removal Using a Surface Response Methodology

Galan

Trilleras

Zapata

et al. 2021

Life

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The use of dyes at an industrial level has become problematic, since the discharge of dye effluents into water disturbs the photosynthetic activity of numerous aquatic organisms by reducing the penetration of light and oxygen, in addition to causing carcinogenic diseases and mutagenic effects in humans, as well as alterations in different ecosystems. Chitosan (CS) is suitable for removing anionic dyes since it has favorable properties, such as acquiring a positive charge and a typical macromolecular structure of polysaccharides. In this study, the optimization of CS beads crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) for the adsorption of reactive blue dye 4 (RB4) in an aqueous solution was carried out. In this sense, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the concentration of CS, GA, and sodium hydroxide on the swelling degree in the GA-crosslinked CS beads. In the same way, RSM was applied to optimize the adsorption process of the RB4 dye as a function of the initial pH of the solution, initial concentration of the dye, and adsorbent dose. The crosslinking reaction was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The design described for the swelling degree showed an R2 (coefficient of determination) adjusted of 0.8634 and optimized concentrations (CS 3.3% w/v, GA 1.7% v/v, and NaOH 1.3 M) that were conveniently applied with a concentration of CS at 3.0% w/v to decrease the viscosity and facilitate the formation of the beads. In the RB4 dye adsorption design, an adjusted R2 (0.8280) with good correlation was observed, where the optimized conditions were: pH = 2, adsorbent dose 0.6 g, and initial concentration of RB4 dye 5 mg/L. The kinetic behavior and the adsorption isotherm allowed us to conclude that the GA-crosslinked CS beads’ adsorption mechanism was controlled mainly by chemisorption interactions, demonstrating its applicability in systems that require the removal of contaminants with similar structures to the model presented.

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Synthesis of Materials Produced From Spent Batteries With Environmental Application

Cited by 2 publications

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Extraction and separation of potassium, zinc and manganese issued from spent alkaline batteries by a three‐unit hydrometallurgical process

Extraction and separation of potassium, zinc and manganese issued from spent alkaline batteries by a three‐unit hydrometallurgical process

Optimization of Chitosan Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Beads for Reactive Blue 4 Anionic Dye Removal Using a Surface Response Methodology

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