“…Results from the XRD analysis presented in Figure 4 exhibit the peaks which are as sociated with the (110), ( 101), ( 200), ( 210), ( 211), ( 220), (002), (310), ( 112), (301) and (202 planes, respectively. All diffraction peaks coincide strongly with the planes of standard tetragonal rutile SnO2, which refers to JCPDS 41-1445, and there is no other peak detected indicating the single phase of the nanoparticles [26,27]. Based on the Scherer equation, th average crystallite size of SnO2 NPs calculated from (110), ( 101) and ( 211) is about 18.2 nm Complete oxide formation was observed by XPS analysis, and the spectra are presented in Figure 5.…”