Synthesis of phenylacetonitrile by amination of styrene oxide catalyzed by a bimetallic catalyst Zn30.1Cr4.3/γ-Al2O3

Abstract

A novel method for the synthesis of phenylacetonitrile by amination of styrene oxide catalyzed by a bimetallic catalyst Zn 30.1 Cr 4.3 /c-Al 2 O 3 was established. A yield as high as 87.9% was received when the reaction was conducted on a fixed-bed reactor dosed with 30 ml (21 g) catalyst at 693 K under ammonia at atmospheric pressure by keeping the liquid velocity of styrene epoxide diluted with toluene (styrene oxide : toluene = 20 : 80 (m : m)) at 0.2 ml min 21 and the gas velocity of ammonia at 300 ml min 21 . The lifetime of the catalyst was evaluated and the activity of the catalyst could be recovered by continuously blowing air into the fixed-bed at 723 K for 3.5 h online. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM and IR of adsorbed pyridine. The characterization results indicated that the dehydration reaction in the tandem reaction mainly took place on the Lewis acid sites and revealed that ZnAl 2 O 4 is the active species for the dehydrogenation of imine to nitrile. The doping of chromium on to the c-Al 2 O 3 supported zinc catalyst Zn 29.9 /c-Al 2 O 3 could diminish the size of ZnAl 2 O 4 crystallites, which is in favor of the dehydrogenation reaction. The deactivation of the catalyst is due to the carbonaceous deposits generated from the chemical adsorption of some alkaline substances in the catalytic run.

Optimization of catalytic cracking process for upgrading camelina oil to hydrocarbon biofuel

“…The carbon content of used Zn/ZSM-5 was 17.49%, confirming the existence of carbonaceous substances. These findings are corroborated by the suggestions made by Zhang et al (2012). The TEM/EDS elemental maps are shown in Fig.…”

Catalytic cracking of camelina oil for hydrocarbon biofuel over ZSM-5-Zn catalyst

“…4h. Some substances covered the surface of used catalysts and these substances might be coke generated during the catalytic cracking of camelina oil, which is consistent with the experimental result of Zhang's study [22]. Light hydrocarbons such as C 3 H 6 and C 4 H 8 were generated during the catalytic cracking of camelina oil and they might polymerize together to form coke.…”

“…Biswas and Sharma [8] studied the effect of different catalysts including ZSM-5, ZSM-5 + SiAl and NiMo/SiAl on the cracking of jatropha oil. The ZSM-5 + SiAl catalyst was found the best one for the cracking of jatropha oil at 375°C, forming 36% gasoline range hydrocarbons (C 7 -C 11 ) and 58% diesel range hydrocarbons (C 12 -C 22 ) in the liquid product. Although there have been a few studies related to the liquid hydrocarbon production over a variety of catalysts, the optimum Zn concentration doped in ZSM-5 catalyst for the inedible vegetable oil cracking has never been thoroughly investigated.…”

Modeling and optimization of synthesis condition of CuCr2O4 Spinel for CO oxidation

“…Indeed, it is often reported in the literature that a fraction of the exposed Cr 3+ ion in chromium oxide becomes readily oxidized to Cr 6+ along the calcination step in the ambient atmosphere [37]. Above 400 °C, there is a main reduction consumption which is attributed to the reduction of bulk Cu 2+ ions of CuCr2O4 to CuCrO2, and the mixed oxide toward Cu 0 and Cr2O3 [35,38]. The specific surface area of catalyst analyzed by the BET method and the surface area of CuCr2O4 is 12.2 m 2 /g.…”