Synthesis of photoacid crosslinkable hydrogels for the fabrication of soft, biomimetic microlens arrays

Yang, Shu; Ford, Jason A.; Ruengruglikit, Chada; Huang, Qingrong; Aizenberg, Joanna

doi:10.1039/b509077f

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We believe that the synthesis demonstrated here will provide novel building blocks that will enrich research in soft matter as well as assemble technologically important materials. Although in this paper we focus on semirigid epoxy particles, the synthesis can be adapted conveniently to produce a variety of nonspherical particles from soft hydrogels [22] and rigid inorganic materials. In addition, our preliminary results suggest that we may also be able to synthesize active, anisotropic colloidal particles simply by mixing photoresists with various nanoparticles.…”

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High‐Throughput Synthesis of Anisotropic Colloids via Holographic Lithography

et al. 2007

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Colloidal suspensions offer ideal models for studying a wide array of fundamental phenomena in materials science and soft matter.[1] Their dispersion and assembly are technologically important for many applications, including photonic crystals, [2] chemical or biological sensors, [3] and tissue-engineering scaffolds. [4] Recently, there has been growing interest in the synthesis and assembly of colloidal particles that have anisotropic properties in shape and/or surface chemistry. Nonspherical particles are more effective than spheres in controlling light propagation [5] and rheological properties, [6] and exhibit complex phase behaviors. [7] Anisotropic particles (e.g. cylinder or ellipsoid) have been synthesized by the deformation of spherical particles, for example by using mechanical stretching at an elevated temperature, [8] or the seeded polymerization of monomer-swollen particles.[9] However, these techniques often require multiple steps, and the shapes of the particles are limited by the external force that can be generated or the interfacial tension between the particles and surrounding medium. Typically the aspect ratio (length/diameter or semi-major axis/semi-minor axis) of such prepared particles is less than 3. High-aspect-ratio (up to 100) polymer microrods have been demonstrated by emulsification of a polymer solution under shear, combined with solvent attrition, [10] yet particle distortion and size uniformity remain to be improved. Recently, much progress has been made in developing new methodologies to prepare anisotropic particles with precisely controlled shapes. Several groups have attempted two-dimensional synthesis using photolithography, [11] soft lithography, [12] and templating methods, [13] followed by releasing particles from the substrates.However, few of them have studied surface functionalization of the produced anisotropic particles to test their applicability as a colloidal system. The functionalization of colloidal particles is necessary to not only form a stable dispersion, but also to manipulate interparticle attraction and repulsion in the short and long range, which in turn affects the phase behaviors [14] and macroscopic properties of the assembled particles.[15]Herein we report a flexible and high-throughput approach that exploits the advantages of interference lithography and chemically amplified photoresists (SU8: a multifunctional epoxy derivative of a bisphenol-A novolac) to synthesize anisotropic functional colloidal particles. In our experiment, the production rate is approximately 10 7 particles in a single exposure (for a few seconds), which can be easily scaled up by increasing the exposure area. Particles ranging from disklike to rodlike with an aspect ratio up to 10 and diameters from 300 nm to a few micrometers can be varied conveniently by changing exposure intensity and spin-coating speed, respectively. We then functionalized such synthesized rod particles either uniformly or selectively with amino groups, PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO triblock copolymers (PEO = polyethylen...

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High‐Throughput Synthesis of Anisotropic Colloids via Holographic Lithography

et al. 2007

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“…34 In this negativetone resist system, the structure can be written by lightinduced cross-linking of the hydroxyl groups of poly(HEMA) via a cross-linker (TMMGU, tetramethoxymethyl glycoluril) which in turn is activated by a photoacid generator. 35 FT-IR spectra before and after exposure and postexposure bake are shown in Figure 1b. The peak intensity around 3600-3000 cm -1 due to the hydroxyl group decreases, whereas the peak intensity around 1180 cm -1 due to the formation of C-O-C linkages after PEB increases, verifying that the expected cross-linking reaction between hydroxyl groups and the cross-linker has occurred.…”

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Three-Dimensionally-Patterned Submicrometer-Scale Hydrogel/Air Networks That Offer a New Platform for Biomedical Applications

et al. 2008

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Phase mask interference lithography was employed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel structures with high surface area on neural prosthetic devices. A random terpolymer of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ran-methyl methacrylate-ran-methacrylic acid) was synthesized and used as a negative-tone photoresist to generate bicontinuous 3D hydrogel structures at the submicrometer scale. We demonstrated that the fully open 3D hydrogel/air networks can be used as a pH-responsive polymeric drug-release system for the delivery of neurotrophins to enhance the performance of neural prosthetic devices. Additionally an open hydrogel structure will provide direct access of neuronal growth to the device for improved electrical coupling.

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“…After that, the substrates were prebaked at 80 ºC for 2 minutes and irradiated with laser interference patterns. After the laser exposure, the samples were post baked for 10 minutes at 90 ºC and washed for 30 s using bi-distilled water and allowed to dry in air at ambient conditions of pressure and temperature, following a similar procedure as reported elsewhere [24]. …”

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confidence: 99%

Rapid fabrication of biocompatible hydrogels microdevices using laser interference lithography

et al. 2009

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We report on fabrication of periodic arrays of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA), a biocompatible hydrogel, useful in biomedical applications. The structures were produced by means of multi beam laser interference lithography with both nanosecond (266 and 355 nm of wavelengths with pulses lasting 10 ns) and femtosecond pulsed lasers (800 nm of wavelength and 90 fs laser pulses). Configurations involving two, four and five laser beams were utilized obtaining a wide variety of patterns with different feature sizes in the micrometer scale. Through this technique, we demonstrated the ability to fabricate high feature density patterns over large areas without the use of templates or masks. In addition, resolution and geometrical characteristic of the periodic arrays are discussed as function of pulse duration and laser processing parameters. The photopolymerization nature of the process was also investigated. ©2009 SPIE

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Synthesis of photoacid crosslinkable hydrogels for the fabrication of soft, biomimetic microlens arrays

Abstract: . (2005). Synthesis of photoacid crosslinkable hydrogels for the fabrication of soft, biomimetic microlens arrays. Retrieved from

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

High‐Throughput Synthesis of Anisotropic Colloids via Holographic Lithography

High‐Throughput Synthesis of Anisotropic Colloids via Holographic Lithography

Three-Dimensionally-Patterned Submicrometer-Scale Hydrogel/Air Networks That Offer a New Platform for Biomedical Applications

Rapid fabrication of biocompatible hydrogels microdevices using laser interference lithography

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