Synthesis of polyvinylidene fluoride and its copolymers

Bozorg, Maryam; Altomare, Aldo; Loos, Katja

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821551-7.00003-8

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The relatively high concentrations together with the calculated ecotoxicities and environmental behaviors demonstrate the high significance of IPFAAs for further investigation. IPFAAs may be unintentional byproducts in production of PFASs, as telechelic fluorinated diiodides, PFIs, and FTIs are reactants commonly used in telomerization processes for industrial synthesis of PFASs. , IPFAAs may also be hydrolysis products of iodinated alkyl acyl fluorides and alkyl sulfonyl fluorides, which are intermediates in synthesis of PFASs. , In addition, the presence of IPFAAs may be in connection with iodine transfer polymerization/copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride in synthesis of polyvinylidene fluoride (a very important fluoropolymer) and copolymers, in which iodofluoroalkanes are often used as chain transfer agents and polyvinylidene fluoride products (oligomers) with an iodo end are generated. , The cascade PIE strategy and data-screening algorithm can be expanded to nontarget identification for other pollutants besides IPFAAs, provided that they can generate diagnostic fragment ions in DDA mode. The nontarget identification and comprehensive characterization outcomes present new insights into the occurrence of IPFAAs in the water environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…65,66 In addition, the presence of IPFAAs may be in connection with iodine transfer polymerization/copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride in synthesis of polyvinylidene fluoride (a very important fluoropolymer) and copolymers, in which iodofluoroalkanes are often used as chain transfer agents and polyvinylidene fluoride products (oligomers) with an iodo end are generated. 69,70 The cascade PIE strategy and data-screening algorithm can be expanded to nontarget identification for other The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c04239.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nontarget Analysis and Comprehensive Characterization of Iodinated Polyfluoroalkyl Acids in Wastewater and River Water by LC-HRMS with Cascade Precursor-Ion Exclusions and Algorithmic Approach

Tang,

Zheng,

Zhu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Poly-and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a large family of widespread contaminants of worldwide concern and well-known as "forever chemicals". Direct emission of PFAAs from the fluorochemical industry is a crucial source of PFAA pollutants in the environment. This study implemented nontarget analysis and comprehensive characterization for a category of new PFAA contaminants, i.e., iodinated PFAAs (IPFAAs), in fluorochemical industry wastewater and relevant contaminated river water by liquid chromatography−high-resolution mass spectrometry with a cascade precursor ion exclusion (PIE) strategy and in-house developed data extraction and processing algorithms. A total of 26 IPFAAs (including 2 isomers of an IPFAA) were found and identified with tentative molecular structures. Semiquantification of the IPFAAs was implemented, and the total concentrations of IPFAAs were 0.16−285.52 and 0.15−0.17 μg/L in wastewater and river water, respectively. The high concentrations in association with the predicted ecotoxicities and environmental behaviors demonstrate that these IPFAAs are worthy of more concern and further in-depth research. The cascade PIE strategy along with the data extraction and processing algorithms can be extended to nontarget analysis for other pollutants beyond IPFAAs. The nontarget identification and characterization outcomes provide new understanding on the environmental occurrence and pollution status of IPFAAs from a comprehensive perspective.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontarget Analysis and Comprehensive Characterization of Iodinated Polyfluoroalkyl Acids in Wastewater and River Water by LC-HRMS with Cascade Precursor-Ion Exclusions and Algorithmic Approach

Tang,

Zheng,

Zhu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…However, appropriate modification within polymeric material can be conducted to improve their piezoelectric parameters [ 80 ]. One of these polymers, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), is a macromolecular compound that has broad applications and it has become the subject of intensive research in recent years [ 81 ].…”

Section: Types Of Piezoelectric Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

PVDF-Based Piezo-Catalytic Membranes—A Net-Zero Emission Approach towards Textile Wastewater Purification

Siddique,

Nawaz,

Razzaque

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Among the various water purification techniques, advancements in membrane technology, with better fabrication and analysis, are receiving the most research attention. The piezo-catalytic degradation of water pollutants is an emerging area of research in water purification technology. This review article focuses on piezoelectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer-based membranes and their nanocomposites for textile wastewater remediation. At the beginning of this article, the classification of piezoelectric materials is discussed. Among the various membrane-forming polymers, PVDF is a piezoelectric polymer discussed in detail due to its exceptional piezoelectric properties. Polyvinylidene difluoride can show excellent piezoelectric properties in the beta phase. Therefore, various methods of β-phase enhancement within the PVDF polymer and various factors that have a critical impact on its piezo-catalytic activity are briefly explained. This review article also highlights the major aspects of piezoelectric membranes in the context of dye degradation and a net-zero approach. The β-phase of the PVDF piezoelectric material generates an electron–hole pair through external vibrations. The possibility of piezo-catalytic dye degradation via mechanical vibrations and the subsequent capture of the resulting CO2 and H2 gases open up the possibility of achieving the net-zero goal.

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“…20 In 1961, the first commercially produced PVDF grades were named Kynar of Pennwalt (nowadays Arkema) and were synthesized by the polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), mainly by aqueous emulsion and suspension polymerization technique. 21 PVDF and its copolymers are one of the most robust and multifunctional polymeric materials, demonstrating its applicability in a wide variety of applications, including sensors, electronic devices, piezoelectric generators, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and portable analytical devices, among others. 22,23 The sustainability concerns of this fluorinated polymer are being addressed by its durability and multifunctionality in the applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, it was demonstrated that the piezoelectricity in PVDF also depends on the electrostriction constant, Poisson ratio, and crystal structure . In 1961, the first commercially produced PVDF grades were named Kynar of Pennwalt (nowadays Arkema) and were synthesized by the polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), mainly by aqueous emulsion and suspension polymerization technique …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart and Multifunctional Materials Based on Electroactive Poly(vinylidene fluoride): Recent Advances and Opportunities in Sensors, Actuators, Energy, Environmental, and Biomedical Applications

Costa,

Cardoso,

Martins

et al. 2023

Chem. Rev.

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From scientific and technological points of view, poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, is one of the most exciting polymers due to its overall physicochemical characteristics. This polymer can crystalize into five crystalline phases and can be processed in the form of films, fibers, membranes, and specific microstructures, being the physical properties controllable over a wide range through appropriate chemical modifications. Moreover, PVDF-based materials are characterized by excellent chemical, mechanical, thermal, and radiation resistance, and for their outstanding electroactive properties, including high dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric response, being the best among polymer systems and thus noteworthy for an increasing number of technologies. This review summarizes and critically discusses the latest advances in PVDF and its copolymers, composites, and blends, including their main characteristics and processability, together with their tailorability and implementation in areas including sensors, actuators, energy harvesting and storage devices, environmental membranes, microfluidic, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial applications. The main conclusions, challenges and future trends concerning materials and application areas are also presented.

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Synthesis of polyvinylidene fluoride and its copolymers

Cited by 4 publications

References 92 publications

Nontarget Analysis and Comprehensive Characterization of Iodinated Polyfluoroalkyl Acids in Wastewater and River Water by LC-HRMS with Cascade Precursor-Ion Exclusions and Algorithmic Approach

Nontarget Analysis and Comprehensive Characterization of Iodinated Polyfluoroalkyl Acids in Wastewater and River Water by LC-HRMS with Cascade Precursor-Ion Exclusions and Algorithmic Approach

PVDF-Based Piezo-Catalytic Membranes—A Net-Zero Emission Approach towards Textile Wastewater Purification

Smart and Multifunctional Materials Based on Electroactive Poly(vinylidene fluoride): Recent Advances and Opportunities in Sensors, Actuators, Energy, Environmental, and Biomedical Applications

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