Synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle of Standardbred trotters after intermittent exercise

Bröjer, Johan; Holm, S. L.; Jonasson, Robert; Hedenström, U.; Essén‐Gustavsson, Birgitta

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05564.x

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The horses performed a glycogen depleting field exercise test described by Bröjer et al [18]. In brief, the test included a 4000 m warm up at a slow trot, followed by 7 repeated 500 m up-hill intervals at a speed of 9 m/s and a down hill walk between each interval.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose alters the plasma amino acid profile in Standardbred trotters

2012

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BackgroundThe branched chain amino acid leucine is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion. Used in combination with glucose it can increase the insulin response and the post exercise re-synthesis of glycogen in man. Decreased plasma amino acid concentrations have been reported after intravenous or per oral administration of leucine in man as well as after a single per oral dose in horses. In man, a negative correlation between the insulin response and the concentrations of isoleucine, valine and methionine have been shown but results from horses are lacking. This study aims to determine the effect of repeated per oral administration with a mixture of glucose and leucine on the free amino acid profile and the insulin response in horses after glycogen-depleting exercise.MethodsIn a crossover design, after a glycogen depleting exercise, twelve Standardbred trotters received either repeated oral boluses of glucose, 1 g/kg body weight (BW) at 0, 2 and 4 h with addition of leucine 0.1 g/kg BW at 0 and 4 h (GLU+LEU), or repeated boluses of water at 0, 2 and 4 h (CON). Blood samples for analysis of glucose, insulin and amino acid concentrations were collected prior to exercise and over a 6 h post-exercise period. A mixed model approach was used for the statistical analyses.ResultsPlasma leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine and phenylalanine concentrations increased after exercise. Post-exercise serum glucose and plasma insulin response were significantly higher in the GLU+LEU treatment compared to the CON treatment. Plasma leucine concentrations increased after supplementation. During the post-exercise period isoleucine, valine and methionine concentrations decreased in both treatments but were significantly lower in the GLU+LEU treatment. There was no correlation between the insulin response and the response in plasma leucine, isoleucine, valine and methionine.ConclusionsRepeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose caused a marked insulin response and altered the plasma amino acid profile in horses in a similar manner as described in man. However, the decreases seen in plasma amino acids in horses seem to be related more to an effect of leucine and not to the insulin response as seen in man.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose alters the plasma amino acid profile in Standardbred trotters

2012

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“…During prolonged submaximal intensity exercise, lipids also contribute to produce muscle energy with glycogen [ 10 ]. After exercise, supplementation of muscle glycogen can slowly take up to 72 h in horses [ 11 ]. Previous studies have shown that muscle glycogen supplement after exercise was enhanced by certain processes such as intravenous glucose infusion, oral acetate administration, and rehydration with hypotonic electrolyte solutions in horses [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of metabolomic patterns in thoroughbreds before and after exercise

Jang

Kim

et al. 2017

Asian-Australas J Anim Sci

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ObjectiveEvaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds.MethodsThe concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis.ResultsFrom 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.

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“…In addition, human studies have shown that protein is utilised to a greater extent when glycogen stores are lowered (Lemon and Mullin 1980;Blomstrand and Saltin 1999). This finding is of special interest concerning horses in race training, as Standardbred trotters generally are trained intensively 2-3 times per week and it can take up to 72 h for glycogen to be restored in muscle after intense exercise (Snow et al 1987;Hyyppä et al 1997;Bröjer et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of crude protein intake from forage‐only diets on muscle amino acids and glycogen levels in horses in training

Essén‐Gustavsson

Connysson

Jansson

2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing study: There is little information about the influence of crude protein (CP) intake on glycogen and free pool amino acid concentrations in the muscle of horses in training. High energy forage-only diets may be an alternative to concentrate rich diets and may provide high levels of CP. Objective: To study the effect of feeding 2 forage-only diets, containing either high or moderate CP concentrations on glycogen and free pool amino acid concentrations in the muscle.

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Synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle of Standardbred trotters after intermittent exercise

Abstract: If the time between exercise sessions during training is too short the recovery period will be inadequate for complete restoration of muscle glycogen.

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose alters the plasma amino acid profile in Standardbred trotters

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose alters the plasma amino acid profile in Standardbred trotters

Analysis of metabolomic patterns in thoroughbreds before and after exercise

Effects of crude protein intake from forage‐only diets on muscle amino acids and glycogen levels in horses in training

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