Synthesis of radio signals from extensive air showers using previously computed microscopic simulations

Abstract

The detection of extensive air showers (EAS) through their radio signal is becoming one of the most promising techniques for the study of Neutrinos and Cosmic rays at the highest energies. For the design, optimization and characterization of radio arrays, and of their associated reconstruction algorithms, tens of thousands of Monte Carlo simulations are needed. Current available simulation codes can take several days to compute the signals produced by a single shower, making it impossible to produce the required simulations in a reasonable amount of time, in a cost-effective and environmental-conscious way. In this article we present a method to synthesize the expected signals (the full time trace, not just the peak amplitude) at any point around the shower core, given a set of signals simulated in a finite number of antennas strategically located in a pattern that exploits the signature features of the radio wavefront. The method can be applied indistinctly to the electric field or to the antenna response to the electric field, in the three polarization directions. The synthesized signal can be used to evaluate trigger conditions, compute the fluence or reconstruct the shower incoming direction, allowing for the production of one single library of simulations that can be used and re-used for the characterization and optimization of radio arrays and their associated reconstruction methods, for a thousandth part of the otherwise required CPU time. K: Simulation Methods and programs, Neutrino detectors, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics

Estimating the carbon footprint of the GRAND project, a multi-decade astrophysics experiment

“…The current members involved in the GRAND simulations estimate that about 6 M hours CPU will be needed overall for GRANDProto300. For the next phases, it is likely that the same library can be used, resorting for instance to interpolation and semi-analytical tools that are being developed [36,37]. How much CPU will be used (as well as how many new simulations will be needed) would then depend more on how many studies are being pursued (i.e., how many people work on the project) rather than on the number of antennas in the array.…”