Metal‐insulator transition coupled with an ultrafast, significant, and reversible resistive change in Mott insulators has attracted tremendous interest for investigation into next‐generation electronic and optoelectronic devices, as well as a fundamental understanding of condensed matter systems. Although the mechanism of MIT in Mott insulators is still controversial, great efforts have been made to understand and modulate MIT behavior for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the field of nanoelectronics utilizing MIT. We begin with a brief introduction to the physics of MIT and its underlying mechanisms. After discussing the MIT behaviors of various Mott insulators, we describe recent advances in the design and fabrication of nanoelectronics devices based on MIT, including memories, gas sensors, photodetectors, logic circuits, and artificial neural networks. Finally, we provide an outlook on the development and future applications of nanoelectronics utilizing MIT. This review can serve as an overview and a comprehensive understanding of the design of MIT‐based nanoelectronics for future electronic and optoelectronic devices.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved