Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: From Conventional to ‘Modern’ Methods—A Review

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles, also known as AgNPs, have been extensively researched due to their one-of-a-kind characteristics, including their optical, antibacterial, and electrical capabilities. In the era of the antibiotics crisis, with an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and a decrease in newly developed drugs, AgNPs are potential candidates because of their substantial antimicrobial activity, limited resistance development, and extensive synergistic effect when combined with other drugs. The effect of AgNPs depends on the delivery system, compound combination, and their own properties, such as shape and size, which are heavily influenced by the synthesis process. Reduction using chemicals or light, irradiation using gamma ray, laser, electron beams or microwave and biological synthesis or a combination of these techniques are notable examples of AgNP synthesis methods. In this work, updated AgNP synthesis methods together with their strength and shortcomings are reviewed. Further, factors affecting the synthesis process are discussed. Finally, recent advances and challenges are considered.

Unraveling the mysteries of silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial effects and uptake translocation in plant—a review

“…Laser ablation enables the rapid and precise generation of silver nanoparticles, while ball milling offers a scalable and efficient method for producing nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology. By leveraging these physical methods, researchers can explore the structural, optical, and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles, paving the way for their integration into diverse applications such as biosensors, antibacterial agents, and catalysis (Joy et al 2022 ).The synergy between laser ablation and ball milling techniques not only facilitates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles but also opens avenues for the development of novel nanocomposites and functional materials with enhanced properties for various technological applications (Nguyen et al 2023 ). Gamma radiation can be used to produce silver nanoparticles in a way that can be used to make them physically.…”

Polymer Conductive Paste Formulation by Modified Ag2O Particles

“…Planetary ball milling (PBM) is a widely utilized highenergy ball milling method employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles [19], and the production of fine metal powder [20]. As shown in Fig.…”

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its environmental sensor ability to some heavy metals

“…Physical methods are advantageous due to the reduced toxicity of the reducing and stabilizing agents used, and they also produce AgNPs with small crystallite sizes and high purity. However, the downsides include substantial energy consumption and potentially low yield rates [ 28 , 29 ]. In contrast, several chemical techniques are also utilized for AgNPs synthesis, including chemical reduction [ 30 ], the sol–gel method [ 31 ], microemulsion techniques [ 32 ], photochemical methods [ 33 ], electrochemical synthesis, and microwave-assisted synthesis [ 34 ].…”