Synthesis of Sparse Linear Array for Directional Modulation via Convex Optimization

Directional Modulation-Enhanced Multiple Antenna Arrays for Secure and Precise Wireless Transmission

“…The comparisons for multiple antenna arrays DM and single antenna array DM schemes [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] are given in Table 1, from which the main features of the proposed DM schemes can be summarized as follows:…”

“…Bit error rate (BER) driven DM synthesis approaches were demonstrated in [9,10,15] to secure wireless communications. A switched antenna array [16], a linear sparse array [17], a sparse linear array [18], and a 4-D antenna array [19] were proposed to perform wireless DM transmission at the RF frontend. Afterwards, the artificial noise (AN) and DM concepts were first linked in [20], and further extended via the orthogonal vector approach in [21], which transferred the DM synthesis method from the RF frontend to the baseband.…”

Robust Synthesis Algorithm for Directional Modulation Signal with Array Manifold Vectors Uncertainty

“…It is found that the maximum sidelobe level performance degrades to − 10.3 dB and − 13.6 dB, respectively, for the synthesis algorithm in [11] and the proposed robust synthesis algorithm in (16) compared with − 15 dB of the nominal optimal beamformer for DM transmitter in (5). According to the PE equation of the DM system [10,27], the PE of the DM system reaches to 35.13% and 51.9%, respectively, for the synthesis algorithm in [11] and the proposed robust synthesis algorithm in (16) compared with 64.77% of the nominal optimal beamformer for the DM system with the metrics of PE. It means that the proposed robust synthesis algorithm tolerates the array manifold vectors perturbation at the expense of the International Journal of Antennas and Propagation sidelobe level performance, which reduces the PE of the DM system.…”

“…To simplify RF structure of DM transmitter, Zhang et al proposed a compressive sensing-based sparse array synthesis algorithm for DM signal in [26]. In [27], Hong et al proposed a sparse array synthesis algorithm for DM signal not only synthesizing a sparse array but also improving multiple metrics of DM system. In the aforementioned works about DM signal synthesis, algorithms by a phased array were mainly supposed that DM transmitter has the information of desired direction accurately.…”

Directional modulation based on chaos scrambling and artificial noise for physical layer security enhancement

“…An actively driven antenna array with reconfigurable radiators was employed to achieve DM in [11]. A switched antenna array [12], a dual‐beam antenna array excited by the I and Q signals [13], and a sparse linear array [14] were proposed, respectively, to realise the DM synthesis at the RF frontend. In [15], a design to enhance the security of data transmission using direction‐dependent antenna modulation based on an array with wide element spacing combined with directional array elements was presented.…”