Synthesis of Stable Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Particles in the Presence of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Abstract

The synthesis of polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a cellulose derivative, was carried out by emulsion polymerization using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). First, the complex formation between CTAB and CMC was studied by surface tension measurements. The polymerization condition chosen was that corresponding to CMC chains fully saturated with CTAB and to the onset of pure surfactant micelle formation, namely, at 0.25 mmol L-1 CTAB and 1.0 g L-1 CMC. The hybrid particles were characterized by ζ potential and light scattering measurements and scanning electron microscopy. All dispersions were stable in the ionic strength of 2.0 mol L-1 NaCl at least for 4 days. The colloidal stability was attributed to the presence of a hydrated CMC layer around the particles. The present procedure brings the advantage of synthesizing and stabilizing particles with functional groups on the surface in a one-step method using very small amounts of surfactant, a friendly condition for the environment.

Assembly of horseradish peroxidase within supported cationic bilayers

“…In fact, there are many examples from the literature reporting reduction of HRP activity on immobilization on solid surfaces or self-assembled amphiphiles such as reversed micelles, 36 lipids, 37 or micelle-forming surfactants such as stearic acid monolayers at the air-water interface 38 or polysaccharides such as chitosan. 35 HRP was previously shown to adsorb irreversibly onto hybrid particles of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and carboxymethylcellulose 39 with little (up to 20%) or no reduction of enzymatic activity in comparison with that observed for free HRP in solution. 40 This behavior was closely associated with the beneficial effect of a hydrated microenvironment for maintenance of enzyme conformation and activity.…”

Adsorption behavior and activity of horseradish peroxidase onto polysaccharide-decorated particles

“…PMMA/CMC particles presented mean zeta potential value, ζ, of −(46 ± 3) mV, indicating that the CMC chains are on the particle surface with the carboxylate groups oriented to the aqueous medium [15,16]. In Fig.…”

“…PMMA/CMC hybrid particles are formed by PMMA core and CMC as outermost layers [15][16][17], providing hydrophilic carbohydrate rich surfaces. Such particles are excellent substrates for the adsorption of metallic ions [18] and lectins [19,20].…”

Biomimetic Systems in Nanomedicine

“…44 Major carriers were classified among the following carrier types: the polymeric particles, 45-50 magnetic particles, 51-53 metal and inorganic particles, 54-57 quantum dots, 58-60 polymer "micelles", 61-64 SLN, [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] phospholipid-based micelles [73][74][75] and liposomes. [76][77][78][79] In addition to these carriers, this chapter includes the hybrid nanostructures called biomimetic particles, which combine particles and lipids [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] or synthetic polymeric particles and polysaccharides [91][92][93] or particles, lipids and other biomolecules 94 such as antigens, 95 receptors 96 or DNA. 97 …”