Synthesis of Sub‐100 nm Glycosylated Nanoparticles via a One Step, Free Radical, and Surfactant Free Emulsion Polymerization

Abstract

The facile synthesis of sub-100 nm glyco nanoparticles is presented via a one-step, free radical, and surfactant free emulsion polymerization. It is shown that by using sterically large, hydrophilic glycomonomers such as a lactose acrylamide with the charged azo initiator 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), growing particles are stabilized enough to reproducibly produce well defined (PDi ≤ 0.1) glycoparticles with diameters below 100 nm.

Dual pH-Responsive Macrophage-Targeted Isoniazid Glycoparticles for Intracellular Tuberculosis Therapy

“…Avoiding the need for surfactant removal is one motivating factor behind the development of “pseudo-surfactant free”-controlled radical polymerization techniques such as RAFT emulsion polymerization. , Such techniques, while promising, suffer from having a relatively high associated material cost and biocompatibility issues. , Research conducted in the 1970s, before the advent of controlled radical polymerization techniques, investigated the use of a classical emulsion polymerization without the addition of a surfactant to the system creating a self-nucleating “free-radical surfactant-free” emulsion polymerization. , In such a system, one or many of growing “ z -mer” chains nucleate into a growing polymer particle by collapsing out of solution on themselves, stabilized by the water-soluble initiator head groups. This produces both polymer in solution and suspended polymer particles, with charged initiators facilitating access to sub-100 nm diameters. − More recently, it has been shown that the addition of a suitable hydrophilic monomer into the emulsion polymerization produces functionalized nanoparticles in a simple 3 h synthesis from the monomer to the final latex . Such a technique, without the addition of surfactants or costly initial polymer synthesis, represents an attractive means by which to produce a nanocarrier.…”

Batch‐to‐Batch Reproducibility Studies of Pilot‐Scale Emulsion Polymerization of Poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate)

“…Apart from offering an improved environmental compliance, other advantages include the selection of wide range of raw materials enabling better control of final product properties and performance with various end‐applications. The versatility of this process has caused the production in waterborne polymer industry to expand incrementally over the years especially in the manufacturing of synthetic rubbers, toughened plastics, paints, adhesives, coatings, and varnishes as well as cosmetics, biomaterials, and high‐tech product …”

“…The versatility of this process has caused the production in waterborne polymer industry to expand incrementally over the years especially in the manufacturing of synthetic rubbers, toughened plastics, paints, adhesives, coatings, and varnishes [3][4][5] as well as cosmetics, biomaterials, and high-tech product. [6][7][8][9][10] Copolymerization of styrene and acrylate monomers are normally done by EP process for industrial purposes. Styrene comonomer provides good strength, hardness, and water resistance properties.…”

“…For example, Nuria et al (2002) established a relationship of chain transfer agent (CTA) on the MWD of the polymer on emulsion copolymerization of n ‐butyl acrylate (BA) and styrene (S) in a 1‐L reactor . In addition, Kim et al (2002), synthesized a PS/PBA core shell latex in 500‐mL reactor with extensive characterization on the latex morphology, physical, and molecular characteristic and Lunn and Perrier synthesized a free‐emulsifier latex nanoparticle in just a small vial (7.5 mL glass vial). Most of the publications have very limited revelation on the equivalent product specification among lab‐scale, pilot‐scale, and industrial scale reactions.…”

Microscale synthesis of multiblock copolymers using ultrafast RAFT polymerisation

“…5,6 Polymerisations are typically carried out with reaction volumes between 50 mL and 0.5 mL. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] These ranges are practical for the conventional reaction vessels and deoxygenation processes necessary for typical Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerisation (RDRP). Note that the latter condition limits scales of the reactions, because using nitrogen sparging or freeze-pump-thaw cycles to deoxygenate the reaction media is not practical at ultralow volumes, due to the inherent loss of volatile monomers and solvents.…”