Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Zirconium Poly(Styrene-Phenylvinyl-Phosphonate)-Phosphate for Heterogeneous Epoxidation of Soybean Oil

Zou, Xiaochuan; Nie, Xuyuan; Tan, Zhiwen; Shi, Kai; Wang, Cun; Wang, Yue

doi:10.3390/catal9090710

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Aiming at the minimization of the effects of the ring opening reactions, several studies presented promising results after the inclusion of selective catalysts in the reaction system, ,,− although this might not be economically and/or environmentally advantageous. An alternative to the use of catalysts would be the selection of proper reaction conditions for the system, such as an appropriate temperature control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxidation Reaction of Soybean Oil: Experimental Study and Comprehensive Kinetic Modeling

Olivieri

Quadros

Giudici

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) has been considered to be a green alternative to replace petroleum-based substances as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). ESO is usually produced in a biphasic reaction system, in which hydrogen peroxide reacts with a carboxylic acid in the aqueous phase to generate an organic peracid that migrates to the organic phase and reacts with the soybean oil to produce ESO. The present study includes experimental data obtained in a previous work, to prepare ESO from soybean oil in a 4 h reaction time under different conditions, with single addition of the reactants and in the absence of catalysts. The paper also proposes a more robust model to predict the effects related to the hydrogen peroxide and formic acid amounts, the stirring speed, the thermostatic bath temperature, and the apparent kinematic viscosity of the system. The experimental results were used to fit a kinetic model for this system, including the heat and mass transfer effects and the undesired reactions. Additionally, the model included a satisfactory prediction of the changes in the apparent kinematic viscosity of the system, significantly improving the description of the heat transfer effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxidation Reaction of Soybean Oil: Experimental Study and Comprehensive Kinetic Modeling

Olivieri

Quadros

Giudici

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…4(b)). These morphological changes occurred due to the sulfonation reaction of the EPS foam with the concentrated sulfuric acid [20][21]. There were two steps to the sulfonation The first involved the generation of sulfur trioxide from concentrated sulfuric acid.…”

Section: Characterization Of Pssamentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid from Expanded Polystyrene Foam as a Catalyst in the Synthesis of Triacetin

et al. 2021

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In Indonesia, the composition of waste has gradually changed over time. To reduce expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam waste, we converted it into a heterogeneous acid catalyst, namely Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid (PSSA). The catalyst was then used in an esterification reaction to generate triacetin. In this research, the synthesis of PSSA was performed using a sulfonation reaction with silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) as the catalyst. Based on FTIR analysis, the sulfonation reaction was successful. The use of 0.5% and 1% catalysts led to a significant increase in the degree of sulfonation of PSSA, while there was a relatively constant increase when using 1.5–2.5% catalysts. The highest degree of sulfonation (78.63%) was achieved when the reaction was performed using 2% Ag2SO4 catalyst for 25 min. The PSSA with the highest degree of sulfonation was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDX, and BET-BJH. This PSSA had a semi-crystalline structure with a crystallinity of 73.83%, a particle size of 1.75 nm, mesoporous pores with a radius of 16.984 Å, and a sulfur content of 15% (% mass).

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“…The homogeneous Prilezhaev epoxidation process using peracid and protonic acid catalysts was applied for the industrial scale epoxidation of vegetable oil. − However, this process suffered from low selectivity to epoxides due to the oxirane ring opening and the reactor corrosion by strong acids . Moreover, the separation and reuse of the protonic acid generated hazardous byproducts and polluted the environment . Also, the reaction is highly exothermic, which can cause thermal runaway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stability and reusability of enzymes at high temperature limited the industrial application. Heterogeneous non-noble metal catalysts have been widely utilized in the epoxidation process, such as Ti, − W, ,, Al, ,, Zr, , Mo, , Nb, , V, − Co, , Cu, and Mn. − These catalysts epoxidized vegetable oil with only H 2 O 2 or tert -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant without adding extra acids, making the epoxidation process greener, safer, and easier. The performance of these catalysts can be improved by systematically studying the catalysts preparation, morphology, reusability, structure–function relationship, kinetics, and reaction mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and Emerging Challenges of the Heterogeneous Metal-Based Catalysts for Vegetable Oil Epoxidation

Yan

Wang

Luo

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Epoxidized vegetable oils obtained from either edible or nonedible vegetable oil have drawn extensive attention ascribing to the inherent nature of good biodegradability, renewableness, nontoxicity, and environmental friendliness. It has a broad application in the chemical industry, e.g., biolubricants, polyurethane, cross-linked polymers, coatings, and biodiesel. Currently, it is produced industrially by a homogeneous epoxidation process using in situ formed peracarboxylic acid. However, this method gives poor selectivity toward epoxides and causes severe corrosion to reactors. Efficient and recyclable heterogeneous metal-based materials have become promising alternatives for vegetable oil epoxidation due to the good activity and selectivity in the absence of any corrosive acids. Hence, the development of highly active, selective, and stable heterogeneous catalysts for the epoxidation of vegetable oils and their derivatives has becoming a major task for both academic and industrial communities. In this work, we have reviewed and summarized the most recent progress of catalysts development in the aspects of catalysts preparation, morphology, reusability, structure−function relationship, and reaction mechanism in the past five years. The effects of solvent, oxidant, type of reactor, and operating conditions as well as the reaction kinetics will also be reviewed and discussed to provide guidance for the future study of vegetable oil epoxidation.

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Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Zirconium Poly(Styrene-Phenylvinyl-Phosphonate)-Phosphate for Heterogeneous Epoxidation of Soybean Oil

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Epoxidation Reaction of Soybean Oil: Experimental Study and Comprehensive Kinetic Modeling

Epoxidation Reaction of Soybean Oil: Experimental Study and Comprehensive Kinetic Modeling

Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid from Expanded Polystyrene Foam as a Catalyst in the Synthesis of Triacetin

Opportunities and Emerging Challenges of the Heterogeneous Metal-Based Catalysts for Vegetable Oil Epoxidation

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