Synthesis of Sulfur‐Based Biocompatible Nonionic Surfactants and Their Nano‐Vesicle Drug Delivery

Abstract

Nonionic surfactants are capable of forming nano‐range vesicles upon self‐assembling in an aqueous medium. These vesicles are highly stable, low in toxicity, and cost‐effective. Owing to their ability to solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, they are of great interest for drug solubilization and delivery. This study describes the synthesis and characterization of two new nonionic surfactants and their screening for biocompatibility and drug loading potentials in nano‐scale niosomal vesicles. They were characterized through mass spectroscopy, 1HNMR, and FT‐IR. Their critical micelle concentration (CMC) was investigated using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The biocompatibility study was carried out through blood hemolysis and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The surfactants have very low CMC values, are highly hemo‐compatible, and were nontoxic when tested against a cell culture. They were able to form nano‐range niosomal vesicles with large variation in their size. Both new surfactants were able to encapsulate increased amounts of the drug, in this case clarithromycin. The chemical nature of the drug remained intact in the niosomal vesicles. The results suggest that these nonionic surfactants could be promising drug delivery vehicles.

Preliminary investigation of novel tetra-tailed macrocycle amphiphile based nano-vesicles for amphotericin B improved oral pharmacokinetics

“…Similarly, the absorption band at 1629.0 cm À1 for aromatic ring of Am-B in formulation appeared slightly at higher frequency as compared to 1610.8 cm À1 in pure drug. The small changes in the functional group which may be due to the electrostatic interaction between the group in pure form and drug-loaded vesicles [42,43].…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfanilamide‐Based Nonionic Surfactants and Evaluation of Their Nano‐Vesicular Drug Loading Application

“…Generally, the hydrophobic drugs show limited solubility in an aqueous environment because of their lipophilic nature; thus, their therapeutic efficacy decreases. Niosomes have the potential to increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs through lipid bilayer interactions (Ali et al, 2017). Such a vesicular system administered by topical, parenteral, or oral routes offers a high drug concentration at the action site.…”

Synthesis of Triazole‐Based Nonionic Surfactants for Nanostructured Drug Delivery: Investigation of Their Physicochemical and Biological Aspects

“…They are used for various purposes such as wetting, cleaning, solubilization, emulsification, foaming, and dispersion. They can also be used as penetration enhancers and as bactericidal agents and as disinfectants (Ali et al, ; Lukic et al, ). Nonionic surfactants are preferred due to their elevated levels of biological safety, lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) values, better solubilizing properties, higher physical and chemical stability, and cost‐effectiveness (Ullah et al, 2016 a,b; Ullah et al, ).…”