Synthesis of the New-Type Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Silk Fibroin–Chitosan Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering and In Vitro Evaluation

Abstract

The objective of the study was to discuss the biocompatibility of the vascular endothelial growth factor-silk fibroin-chitosan (VEGF-SF-CS) scaffolds. To offer an ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering, the author added vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into silk fibroin-chitosan (SF-CS) scaffold directly to reconstruct a three-dimensional scaffold for the first time, SF-CS scaffold was loaded with VEGF and evaluated as a growth factor-delivery device. Human fetal osteoblast cell was seeded on the VEGF-SF-CS scaffolds and SF-CS scaffolds. On VEGF-SF-CS and SF-CS scaffolds, the cell adhesion rate was increased as time went on. Scanning electron microscopy: the cells grew actively and had normal multiple fissions, granular and filamentous substrates could be seen around the cells, and cell microfilaments were closely connected with the scaffolds. The cells could not only show the attached growth on surfaces of the scaffolds, but also extend into the scaffolds. Cell Counting Kit-8 and alkaline phosphatase analysis proved that the VEGF could significantly promote human fetal osteoblast1.19 cells growth and proliferation in the SF-CS scaffolds, but the enhancement of osteoblasts cell proliferation and activity by VEGF was dependent on time.

Surface modification of vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded silk fibroin to improve biological performance of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene via promoting angiogenesis

“…23 SF scaffold has been proved to be a suitable vehicle to release VEGF in vivo and subsequently induce the homing and differentiation of MSCs. 24,25 Therefore, we hypothesized that SF coating loaded with VEGF has a positive effect on the improvement of biological performance of UHMWPE.…”

Silk Protein-Based Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration

“…VEGF is a major regulator of angiogenesis and supports osteogenesis [99,100]. VEGF combined with a chitosan-SF scaffold has enhanced osteoblast cell proliferation and has shown its potential as a scaffold of bone tissue engineering [97]. BMP and VEGF provide osteogenic benefits to the scaffolding, and chitosan-fibroin is expected to be an ideal bone tissue engineering scaffold.…”

“…Growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are combined with the chitosan-fibroin scaffold to promote bone regeneration [96,97]. Chitosan-fibroin-HA membranes have biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and BMP has osteoinductive activity [98].…”

Silk Fibroin and Spidroin Bioengineering Constructions for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Review)

“…When gelatin and hydroxyapatite are added to in vitro matrices of silk fibroin the adhesion of murine embryonic fibroblasts and their proliferation in 3D culture are increased, indicating that such multicomponent constructions could be promising in the field of regenerative medicine, especially when bone tissue is to be restored [123]. Matrices of silk fibroin and chitosan with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor contribute to the proliferation and activity of embryonic human osteoblasts [124]. Fibrous hydrogels of silk fibroin and sodium alginate enable crystals of hydroxyapatite to be obtained, having the required morphology for restoring bone tissue [125].…”