Synthesis of the PbS Dendritic Nanostructure Recovered from a Spent Lead-Acid Battery via an Integrated Vacuum Chlorinating and Hydrothermal Process

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Wang

et al. 2023

Self Cite

Multicomponent lead compounds, including lead (Pb), lead oxide (PbO), lead dioxide (PbO 2 ), and lead sulfate (PbSO 4 ), in spent lead−acid batteries (LABs), if not properly disposed of and recycled, will cause serious pollution and damage to the ecological environment. Pyrometallurgical smelting performed above 1000 °C often incurs high energy consumption and lead pollution. In this study, a low-temperature (300 °C), oxygen-free roasting process was proposed. With potassium bisulfate (KHSO 4 ) as the roasting reagent, the uniform conversion of multicomponent lead compounds from spent lead paste (SLP) to PbSO 4 was successfully realized in one step. We observed that PbO 2 species were relatively chemically stable, during the oxygen-free roasting. However, the decomposition of PbO 2 into PbO can be achieved by heating to 300 °C, resulting in an effective conversion to PbSO 4 . The optimal conditions for PbSO 4 production were a heating temperature of 300 °C, an SLP/KHSO 4 mass ratio of 1:1, and a holding time of 10.0 min. Life cycle assessment results show that the recycling of 1.0 t spent LABs can reduce carbon emissions of 2.45 t CO 2 and smog of 0.13 t. Our research provides an emission-free, low-temperature, and negative-carbon strategy for facile and cost-effective recycling of spent LABs, as an alternative to traditional pyrometallurgical smelting.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batch Production of Lead Sulfate from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries via an Oxygen-Free Roasting Route: A Negative-Carbon Strategy

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Wang

et al. 2023

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“…21 Thus, chlorine shows promising potential applications in heavy metal recovery and metallurgical industry. 22,23 However, the existing chlorination methods display disadvantages, such as a low extraction rate and high energy consumption. Besides, the chlorination technique has never been applied to the recovery of Cr.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust route to efficient extraction of Cr from different Cr-containing hazardous wastes by capitalizing on a reduction–chlorination–volatility technique

Gao

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Nano

“…In previous studies, spent lead paste has been converted into various lead products, such as pure lead, , lead oxide, − lead citrate, , and lead chloride . Lead sulfide (PbS) is an important high-value product of the lead family because of its value in semiconductors and photoelectrical materials, and it needs to be given full attention by researchers investigating the recycling of spent lead paste. − Regrettably, few efforts along these lines have been attempted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Lead Paste to High-Value Nanolead Sulfide Products: A New Application of Mechanochemistry in the Recycling of Spent Lead–Acid Batteries

Tan

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

et al. 2020

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The recycling of lead in spent lead−acid batteries (LABs) is an effective measure to cope with the depletion of primary lead ore. In this study, multicomponent lead in the lead paste of spent LABs was successfully transformed into high-value nanolead sulfide (PbS) products via a combined vacuum calcination and two-step mechanochemical reaction. The results of the first stage showed that lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) in lead paste was the most stable crystal phase, which had difficulty reacting with the cogrinding agent potassium bisulfate (KHSO 4 ). However, after vacuum calcination at a temperature of 500 °C, PbO 2 can be decomposed into lead oxide (PbO), which easily reacts with KHSO 4 . The results of the second stage showed that lead sulfate (PbSO 4 ) obtained from the first stage can be transformed into a nanosized PbS product with a particle size of about 50−100 nm by a solid-phase reaction using sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) as the cogrinding reagent. The combined vacuum calcination and two-step mechanochemical reaction for spent LAB lead paste recovery may become a practical approach for recycling lead resources from spent LABs because of its low energy consumption, high economic profit, lack of emissions of lead dust, and significant reduction of a waste liquid.