Synthesis of the Tetrasulfo‐ and Tetranitrophthalocyanine Complexes under Solvent‐Free and Reflux Conditions Using Microwave Irradiation.

Controlled microwave-assisted synthesis of metallophthalocyanines

“…All of the products are known compounds and their purities were confirmed by comparison with the literature [13,17,18,20]. In conclusion, we have developed an efficient method for the generation of a very important class of metallophthalocyanines, that are commercially used as dyes and pigments, under controlled microwave heating in excellent yields.…”

“…In continuation of our studies to develop a fast and effective procedure for the synthesis of metallophthalocyanines [13,18,19], in this work we wish to report the use of controlled microwave protocol for optimizing time and temperature in the synthesis of MPCs from three important raw materials phthalonitrile, phthalimide and phthalic anhydride upon treatment with urea and metal salts (Scheme 1).…”

Ruthenium phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine complexes: Synthesis, properties and applications

“…Phthalonitrile, urea, ammonium chloride, ammonium molybdate and dehydrated RuCl 3 were reacted under microwave irradiation to give a crude product, which was extracted with pyridine and purified by column chromatography to afford [PcRu(py) 2 ] in 60% yield [16]. Under similar conditions using phthalic anhydride and without ammonium molybdate, a slight increase in yield to 65% was reported [17].…”

“…Phthalonitrile, urea, ammonium chloride, ammonium molybdate and dehydrated RuCl 3 were reacted under microwave irradiation to give a crude product, which was extracted with pyridine and purified by column chromatography to afford [PcRu(py) 2 ] in 60% yield [16]. Under similar conditions using phthalic anhydride and without ammonium molybdate, a slight increase in yield to 65% was reported [17]. Reaction of phthalonitrile and RuCl 3 in a modified microwave oven was reported to give [PcRu(Cl)] in 91 % yield [18] although limited characterisation data were provided, making this formulation unreliable.…”

Photoluminescence and photocatalytic degradation studies on some metallophthalocyanines

“…Photoluminescence properties make their application important in optical recording [17][18][19]. Different methods are reported for the synthesis of MPc [20][21][22][23] and here melt method for the preparation of the same was adopted. Different methods of preparations also bring about change in properties and photocatalytic activities.…”