The condensation of 5-aminopyrazole with various bielectrophilic moieties results in the formation of pyrazoloazines, an interesting array of fused heterocyclic systems. The development of new synthetic routes towards pyrazoloazines for their biological and medicinal exploration is an attractive area for researchers throughout the world. The present review focuses on various synthetic methods developed in the last decade for the synthesis of differently substituted pyrazoloazines by a broad range of organic reactions by means of 5-aminopyrazole as a precursor.
ReviewPyrazole and its derivatives are known to exhibit significant biological and pharmacological activities such as: anticancer [1,2], anti-inflammatory [3,4], antioxidant [5], antibacterial [6][7][8], analgesic [9], antiviral [10,11], antimicrobial [12,13], antifungal [6], antiglycemic [14], antiamoebic [15] and antidepressive [16,17]. Considering the immense biological properties pyrazole is one of the most widely studied nitrogen-containing heterocyclic nuclei. Fused pyrazole derivatives are composed of the pyrazole nucleus attached to other heterocyclic moieties which enable them to exhibit improved pharmacological activities compared to the isolated fragments. These compounds are currently used in several marketed drugs like cartazolate (1), zaleplon (2), sildenafil (3), allopurinol (4), indiplon (5), etazolate (6) etc. (Figure 1). Fused pyrazole derivatives, especially pyrazoloazines have been reported to mimic purine bases, present in DNA and RNA, due to close structural resemblance.In addition to the immense biological potential related to fused pyrazoles, their synthetic potential needs to be reviewed for further improvements and extension of interests. Various efforts have been developed for the synthesis of pyrazole-based fused heterocycles. 5-Aminopyrazoles have been extensively employed as useful synthons in designing and constructing a Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 203-242. 204 A number of review articles have been published by us and others highlighting the synthetic and biological aspects of 5-aminopyrazoles [26][27][28] as well as on the synthesis of fused pyrazole derivatives [25]. However, a perusal of literature reveals that the importance of 5-aminopyrazoles as synthetic precursors for fused heterocycles has not been reported till now to the best of our knowledge. Recent literature shows resurgence of interest in the chemistry and bioactivity of 5-aminopyrazole derivatives leading to improvements in several already known reactions and syntheses of various fused heterocyclic derivatives with various biological activities. Considering the synthetic importance of 5-aminopyrazoles and synthesis of fused pyrazole derivatives with the need for a more general collection, herein we report an exhaustive overview of the main developments in the last decade in the chemistry of 5-aminopyrazoles for the design and synthesis of fused pyrazoloazines.The typical reactivity of 5-aminopyrazoles 5-Aminopyrazoles are polyfunctional co...