“…Undoped or doped titanium-dioxide powders were obtained by different methods. Among them, the most frequently used methods in the liquid phase are: the sol–gel process [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], hydrothermal methods [ 8 , 17 ], coprecipitation [ 18 ], hydrothermal-assisted sol–gel method [ 19 ], microwave-assisted hydrothermal method [ 20 , 21 ], ultrasound-assisted sol–gel [ 18 , 22 ], and microwave-assisted sol–gel [ 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”