Synthesis of tungsten carbide nanopowder via submerged discharge method

Бураков, В. С.; Butsen, Andrey V.; Brüser, Volker; Misakov, P. Ya.; Nevar, E. A.; Savastenko, N. A.; Тарасенко, Н. В.

doi:10.1007/s11051-007-9314-7

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Titanium and tungsten carbide nanoparticles were synthesized by electric discharge between two metal electrodes in ethanol [61,62]. The sources of carbon for carbide formation were the products of plasmachemical reactions involving ethanol, which occur in plasma and at the interface between the plasma plume and surrounding liquid.…”

Section: Metal Carbide Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and modification of molecular nanoparticles in electrical discharge plasma in liquids

et al. 2015

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A review of studies on the synthesis and modification of nanosized particles by electrical discharges in liquid media is presented. The modern understanding of the mechanisms of initiation and features of discharge evolution in liquids are analyzed. By using of the spectroscopic diagnostics, parameters of the discharge plasma in liquids (water, ethanol) are determined. It is shown that the pulsed electrical discharge between electrodes immersed in a nonconducting or weakly conducting liquid, provides a simple and effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles of different compositions with the average size ranging from 5 to 50 nm. The morphology, phase structure, and composition of the particles formed are defined by the discharge mode and composition of the liquid medium in which the discharge is produced. The conditions for the synthesis of nanosized metal oxides, carbides, and silicides (for example, copper and zinc oxides, titanium and tungsten carbides, gadolinium silicides) were found. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were produced in pulsed electrical discharge plasma in distilled water, and the possibility of their doping with nitrogen atoms during synthesis was demonstrated. Experimental results on the modification of tungsten and copper powders by spark discharge in ethanol are discussed. The possibility to synthesize copper chalcogenides CuInSe 2 by electrical discharge treatment of a mixture of copper, indium, and selenium powders was demonstrated.wide range of nanomaterials (metals and intermetallics, nitrides, metal oxides and carbides, composite materials).Electrical discharge in liquids is accompanied by a complex of physical and chemical phenomena, including shock wave generation, cavitation processes, formation of a vapor-gas bubble and its pulsation, ionization and decomposition of liquid molecules in the plasma channel and around it, intense UV and sound radiation, and pulsed electric and magnetic fields. These processes generate free radicals, singlet oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, electrode erosion results in release into the liquid of atoms and ions of the electrode materials. These excited or ionized particles take part in diverse physicochemical processes that affect the liquid and objects placed in it. A great variety of compounds, including metastable ones, can form in the plasma channel. Nanoparticles are formed by chemical reactions of atoms and ions released from electrodes with the decomposition products of the surrounding liquid.

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Section: Metal Carbide Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and modification of molecular nanoparticles in electrical discharge plasma in liquids

et al. 2015

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“…The conditions for synthesis of nanosized particles in a plasma may be more favorable than conditions in a gaseous medium [10]. This is connected with the fact that generally particles in a plasma are charged and repulsion between particles of like sign limits their growth, promoting formation of a narrower final particle size distribution.Despite the promise shown by the electrical discharge method and the growing number of papers on nanoparticle synthesis in electrical discharges in a liquid [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], in the literature we can only find scattered papers directly studying the discharge itself that is used to obtain the nanoparticles. Nevertheless, such discharge characteristics as electron temperature and the concentration of atoms and electrons are important for optimizing the synthesis process and controlling the parameters of the synthesized particles.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Electrical discharges in a liquid are used for machining metals and melting refractory materials, sterilizing drinking water and wastewater [1, 2], as sources of sound in hydroacoustic and hydrogeological studies; and in recent years, the electrical discharge method has shown promise for synthesis of nanosized particles of metals [3], their oxides, [4,5] and their carbides [6,7]. Advantages of the electrical discharge method for nanoparticle synthesis include: the possibility of controlling the parameters of the final products by varying the discharge regimes; the rather high throughput, with the possibility of scaling up the synthesis process (in this case, the refractory nature of the metals is not important); the relatively simple equipment needed in the reactor design; the uncomplicated process for preparation of the starting materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic diagnostics for an electrical discharge plasma in a liquid

et al. 2009

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We conducted spectroscopic studies of an electrical discharge plasma in a liquid, used for synthesis of nanosized particles of metals and their compounds. From the intensity ratio of the copper lines, we estimated the electron temperature, and from the Stark broadening of the hydrogen lines H α we determined the electron density in the electrical discharge plasma. Information about the concentration of copper atoms in the discharge was obtained from analysis of the spectra in the region of resonance lines of copper. We carried out a comparative analysis of the plasma parameters for spark and arc discharges in water, ethanol, and air. Based on the equation of state for an ideal plasma, taking into account the Debye correction, we estimated the pressure in the plasma channel.Key words: electrical discharge in a liquid, electron concentration and temperature, spectral line reversal, Stark broadening of spectral lines, plasma particle concentration.Introduction. Electrical discharges in a liquid are used for machining metals and melting refractory materials, sterilizing drinking water and wastewater [1, 2], as sources of sound in hydroacoustic and hydrogeological studies; and in recent years, the electrical discharge method has shown promise for synthesis of nanosized particles of metals [3], their oxides, [4,5] and their carbides [6,7]. Advantages of the electrical discharge method for nanoparticle synthesis include: the possibility of controlling the parameters of the final products by varying the discharge regimes; the rather high throughput, with the possibility of scaling up the synthesis process (in this case, the refractory nature of the metals is not important); the relatively simple equipment needed in the reactor design; the uncomplicated process for preparation of the starting materials. Application of this method also makes it possible to significantly expand the variety of materials that can be obtained (metal powders, metal oxides and carbides, composite materials, particles of mixed composition) [8,9]. The conditions for synthesis of nanosized particles in a plasma may be more favorable than conditions in a gaseous medium [10]. This is connected with the fact that generally particles in a plasma are charged and repulsion between particles of like sign limits their growth, promoting formation of a narrower final particle size distribution.Despite the promise shown by the electrical discharge method and the growing number of papers on nanoparticle synthesis in electrical discharges in a liquid [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], in the literature we can only find scattered papers directly studying the discharge itself that is used to obtain the nanoparticles. Nevertheless, such discharge characteristics as electron temperature and the concentration of atoms and electrons are important for optimizing the synthesis process and controlling the parameters of the synthesized particles. The electrical parameters of the discharge determine to a significant extent the erosion of the electrodes of the material, th...

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“…1b). The experimental setup is described in detail in [7][8][9]. The main discharge was ignited by a high-frequency discharge with voltage ~3.5 kV.…”

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Plasma synthesis and treatment of nanosized chalcopyrite particles

et al. 2010

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We synthesized chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) nanoparticles by methods involving laser ablation and electrical discharge in water. The nanoparticles obtained were exposed to an oxygen/argon plasma of a microwave discharge. The synthesized material was studied by photometry, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive x-ray elemental analysis (EDX), IR spectroscopy, and atomic force electron microscopy (AFM). We have established that the nanoparticles are morphologically stable relative to exposure to plasma fluxes of power ≤1 kW, and can be used as a model system to study processes of interaction between a plasma and minerals.Keywords: nanoparticle, chalcopyrite, laser ablation, electrical discharge in a liquid, plasma treatment of minerals, froth flotation.Introduction. Plasma methods are quite effective in many modern technologies, including surface treatment of various minerals. A major problem in this technology is our insufficient basic knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between the plasma and the surface of the minerals. In particular, detailed study of the interaction between the plasma and chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) and pyrite (FeS 2 ) particles is needed for optimization of the technology for separating them, based on the froth flotation method (different wettabilities of the particles). The conventional approach uses an increase in the difference between the wettabilities, with the help of selective surfactants [1-6]. The surface of some particles in the mixture is hydrophobic (water-repellant). The hydrophobic particles, attaching to air bubbles introduced into the aqueous suspension of the mixture of minerals, are transported upward by the bubbles toward the froth layer on the surface of the suspension, thus separating them from the hydrophilic (wettable) particles. The new approach is based on treatment of the surface of the minerals with a non-thermal plasma under conditions leading to a change in wettability without a change in chemical composition. For optimization of the plasma treatment conditions, we need a detailed clarification of the basic mechanisms for interaction between the plasma fluxes and the indicated minerals. Due to the high surface/volume ratio and the reactivity of nanosized particles, they may be ideal model systems for studying processes leading to a change in surface wettability. In this case, laser ablation processes and electrical discharges in liquid media may be effectively used to obtain model CuFeS 2 nanoparticles.In this work, we have obtained nanosized chalcopyrite particles by laser and electrical-discharge spraying of a sample of the original mineral in water. The phase and elemental composition of the particles obtained were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive x-ray elemental analysis (EDX). In order to determine the changes in the morphology of the particles due to plasma treatment, we used Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and atomic force electron microscopy (AFM).Experimental Section. Pure crystalline chalcopyrite (Alfa Easer, Germany...

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Synthesis of tungsten carbide nanopowder via submerged discharge method

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Synthesis and modification of molecular nanoparticles in electrical discharge plasma in liquids

Synthesis and modification of molecular nanoparticles in electrical discharge plasma in liquids

Spectroscopic diagnostics for an electrical discharge plasma in a liquid

Plasma synthesis and treatment of nanosized chalcopyrite particles

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