“…Another important ion among the derivatives of rare earth elements is Sm 3 þ , which can produce intense light encompassing the orange and red color regions because of the transitions from the excited state 4 G 5/2 to the ground state 6 H 5/2 and also to the higher levels given by 6 H j , where j¼7/2, 9/2, and 11/2. Sm 3 þ with different host materials has found applications in high-density optical storage, undersea communication, various fluorescent devices, color displays, and visible solid-state lasers [7,8].…”