Synthesis Processing Condition Optimization of Citrate Stabilized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles using Direct Co-Precipitation Method

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are commonly prepared by co-precipitation, a convenient and high yield producing method. However, this method produces large particles and wide size distribution. Thus, this study aims to optimize and determine the processing condition during the direct co-precipitation synthesis of citrate stabilized SPION (SPION-C). Processing conditions were optimized to achieve the suitable hydrodynamic size and zeta potential; measured straight after preparation, at weeks 3, 10, and 30. Characterization of optimized SPION and SPION-C was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optimized processing condition (stirring speed of 9000 rpm, stabilizer concentration of 1.006 M, and a 90oC stabilizer adsorption temperature), resulted in suitable SPION-C with a hydrodynamic size of 25.58 ± 7 nm, and zeta potential value of -50.8 ± 3.9. Particles with an almost sphere morphology with below 20 nm size were shown by TEM. The XRD analysis presented magnetite phase with a 2.79 nm core size which indicated the formation of stabilized SPION. The maximum excitation and emission wavelength of SPION after stabilization were proved to be uninterrupted by fluorescence spectroscopy. Further FTIR results supported the successful conjugation of citrate onto SPION. Highly stable and crystalline SPION-C were successfully produced through an optimized processing condition using direct co-precipitation. The obtained SPION-C conveyed desired nanoparticle size with narrow size distribution and stability for 30 weeks of storage at 4oC.

Modifying Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Methylene Blue Adsorbents: A Review

“…Moreover, various types of mathematical models, such as the Higuchi, zeroth order, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, can be used to determine the desorption kinetics [345,346]. These models each have their own disadvantages and advantages.…”

“…These models each have their own disadvantages and advantages. The desorption kinetics study was calculated using the equations shown in Table 4 [345,346]:…”

Surface Modifications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Polyvinyl Alcohol, Chitosan, and Graphene Oxide as Methylene Blue Adsorbents

“…The desorption kinetics study can be carried out using the zeroth order, while the research on the isotherm is performed by the Korsmeyer-Peppas (KP) and the Higuchi as shown in Table 2 [59].…”

Phosphonated Polyetheramine-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Inhibition of Oilfield Scale

“…For example, coprecipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal, microemulsion, sol–gel, ball milling, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonic irradiation are the most typical synthetic procedures. It is well known that the coprecipitation technique provides a simple and efficient synthetic process for obtaining high monodisperse SPIONs of controlled size and magnetic performance . The surface area of the synthesized SPIONs via the coprecipitation method is vibrant with several active sites, which can be easily further functionalized with various functional moieties .…”

“…It is well known that the coprecipitation technique provides a simple and efficient synthetic process for obtaining high monodisperse SPIONs of controlled size and magnetic performance. 13 The surface area of the synthesized SPIONs via the coprecipitation method is vibrant with several active sites, which can be easily further functionalized with various functional moieties. 14 However, there is an urgent need to stabilize the SPIONs to avoid the formation of larger particles via aggregation and improve surface functionalization.…”