Synthesis, purification and characterization of cationic latices produced by the emulsion copolymerization of styrene with 3-(methacrylamidinopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride

Streun, K.H. van; Belt, Wil; Piet, Pieter; German, Anton L.

doi:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90036-n

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The shift in pH optimum from 8.5 to 9.0 is too small to be related to a difference in linear charge density as was done for ionene systems [9]. CoTSPc aggregation responsible for the catalytic properties of this system was shown to be dependent on linear charge density [21].…”

Section: Catalytic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Latices cleaned according to the described combination of ultracentrifugation and serum replacement still contained adsorbed polyelectrolyte. Desorption during catalytic measurements deafly influenced the oxygen consumption rate [9]. Therefore latices were treated with three portions of silica (2g/100cm 3 latex) after centrifugation.…”

Section: Cleaning Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalytic activity of cationic latices prepared according to the shot-growth method

Twigt

Broekman

Piet

et al. 1993

European Polymer Journal

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Section: Catalytic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Cleaning Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic activity of cationic latices prepared according to the shot-growth method

Twigt

Broekman

Piet

et al. 1993

European Polymer Journal

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“…In addition to suitable control of experimental conditions (including ionic strength, [3][4][5] pH, 6 temperature, 7,8 and agitation speed 9 ), the particle size and size distribution can be adjustable in a certain range by varying monomer feed ratio. 4,7,10,11 Moreover, the incorporation of ionic monomer repeat-unit usually leads to the formation of particles with higher surface-charge density. 4,5,11 Alternatively, surface-charged polymer microparticles can be obtained by a two-stage shot-growth process using a part of the ionic comonomer in the batch period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,7,10,11 Moreover, the incorporation of ionic monomer repeat-unit usually leads to the formation of particles with higher surface-charge density. 4,5,11 Alternatively, surface-charged polymer microparticles can be obtained by a two-stage shot-growth process using a part of the ionic comonomer in the batch period. This method is rather efficient for the incorporation of ionic comonomer at particle surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers

Liu

Xiao

Wiseman

2000

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Emulsifier-free emulsion binary copolymerizations of styrene with four types of quaternary ammonium cationic monomers, diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), (3-(methacryloylamino) propyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC), (2-methacryloyloxy) ethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (MATMAC), and vinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (VBTMAC), were conducted at 70°C. 2, 2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V50) and potassium persulphate (KPS) were used as cationic and anionic initiator, respectively. Ternary copolymerizations were also carried out in the presence of acrylamide as a second comonomer. Monomer conversions were followed by ultraviolet spectroscopy and the polymer microparticles were characterized using photon correlation spectroscopy, electrophoresis, colloid titration, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that VBTMAC and MATMAC were highly reactive in the copolymerization with styrene whereas the incorporation of DADMAC was slow. MAPTAC had an intermediate reactivity. Binary copolymerization with VBTMAC, MATMAC, and MAPTAC produced particles smaller in size, but higher in surface-charge density, than styrene homopolymer particles. However, significant agglomerates were detected in the VBTMAC and MATMACcontaining latexes. In contrast, DADMAC-containing polymer particles were almost identical to styrene particles. Continuous nucleation took place in the binary copolymerizations with VBTMAC and with MATMAC when using V50 initiator. In the case of using KPS, VBTMAC-containing particles grew continuously to a mean size much larger than the corresponding particles initiated by V50. The presence of acrylamide reduced DADMAC-containing particle size and diminished the agglomeration in the VBTMAC-and MATMAC-containing latexes. The results were interpreted via particle formation mechanism.

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“…These two results reinforce the hypothesis of an energy barrier against adsorption. In case of swollen particles additional surface charge, due to for example initiator fragments, 45 enhances this barrier.…”

Section: On the Adsorption Of The Pickering Stabilizer Onto Monomer Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanistic investigation of Pickering emulsion polymerization

Lotierzo

Bon

2017

Polym. Chem.

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A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Pickering emulsion polymerization offers a versatile way of synthetising hybrid core-shell latexes where a polymer core is surrounded by an armour of inorganic nanoparticles. A mechanistic understanding of the polymerization process is limited which restricts the use of the technique in the fabrication of more complex, multilayered colloids. In this paper clarity is provided through an in-depth investigation into the Pickering emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of nano-sized colloidal silica (Ludox TM-40). Mechanistic insights are discussed by studying both the adsorption of the stabiliser to the surface of the latex particles and polymerization kinetics. The adhesion of the Pickering nanoparticles was found not to be spontaneous, as confirmed by cryo-TEM analysis of MMA droplets in water and monomer-swollen PMMA latexes. This supports the theory that the inorganic particles are driven towards the interface as a result of a heterocoagulation event in the water phase with a growing oligoradical. The emulsion polymerizations were monitored by reaction calorimetry in order to establish accurate values for monomer conversion and the overall rate of polymerizations (Rp). Rp increased for higher initial silica concentrations and the polymerizations were found to follow pseudo-bulk kinetics.

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Synthesis, purification and characterization of cationic latices produced by the emulsion copolymerization of styrene with 3-(methacrylamidinopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride

Cited by 39 publications

References 42 publications

Catalytic activity of cationic latices prepared according to the shot-growth method

Catalytic activity of cationic latices prepared according to the shot-growth method

Emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers

A mechanistic investigation of Pickering emulsion polymerization

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