Synthesis, spectral and thermal degradation kinetics of novolac resins derived from cardanol

Natarajan, M.; Murugavel, S. C.

doi:10.1177/0954008313482955

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Natarajan et al developed another method to improve the thermal stability of cardanol substituted resin. The novolac type resin was synthesized from cardanol, and formaldehyde with the mole ratio of 1:0.7 using oxalic acid as the catalyst, and to increase the thermal stability, the resin was epoxidized using epichlorohydrin [ 107 ]. Another research group studied the thermal degradation kinetics of the epoxidized cardanol resin [ 108 ].…”

Section: Phenol Substitutes For Pf Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Sarika

Nancarrow

Khansaheb³

et al. 2020

Polymers

146

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Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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Section: Phenol Substitutes For Pf Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Sarika

Nancarrow

Khansaheb³

et al. 2020

Polymers

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The peak at 3445 cm −1 corresponds to the OH groups of both neat PPGEF and cardolites . The C‐C stretching of aromatic groups in all the samples appeared at 1508 cm −1 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…27,28 The C-C stretching of aromatic groups in all the samples appeared at 1508 cm 21 . 29,30 The reaction between PPGEF and Cardolite in presence of curing agent BMCHA resulted into disappearance of oxirane peaks at 912 and 845 cm 21 from the epoxy novolac composites. These observations confirmed the incorporation of cardolite flexibilizers in epoxy novolac composites.…”

Section: Ft-ir Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening of epoxy novolac resin using cardanol based flexibilizers

Gour

Kodgire

Badiger

2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this work, two different cardanol based epoxies (Cardolite NC‐514 and Cardanol NC‐547) were employed as flexibilizers to toughen an epoxy novolac resin namely, poly[(phenylglycidyl ether)‐co‐formaldehyde] (PPGEF). 4,4′‐Diamino‐3,3′‐dimethyl dicyclohexyl methane (BMCHA) was used as a curing agent. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of the composites showed a gradual decrease in glass transition temperatures (Tg) with increase in cardolite content confirming the incorporation of flexible moieties into the brittle resin matrix. Improvement in toughening of PPGEF/Cardolite composites was manifested by increase in the izod impact strength of both the composites. The tensile strength increased marginally for composites with increasing amount of Cardolite NC‐514 but decreased for the composites containing Cardolite NC‐547. This was attributed to the lack of rotational motion in the chain due to close proximity of rigid phenyl rings in NC‐547. SEM of the cryo‐fractured surfaces of composites showed good compatibility between PPGEF and cardanol based flexibilizers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43318.

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“…The peak at 3445 cm −1 can be ascribed to the OH groups of epoxy novolac resin and cardolites . The absorption band at 1508 cm −1 can be ascribed to the CC stretching of the aromatic groups in neat and all the cured coating compositions . The reaction between PPGEF and BMCHA in the presence of cardolites led to the disappearance of oxirane peaks at 912 cm −1 and 845 cm −1 from the cured coating compositions spectra.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Flexible epoxy novolac coatings: Use of cardanol‐based flexibilizers

Gour

Raut

Badiger

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Flexible epoxy novolac coatings were developed by reacting an epoxy novolac resin, poly[(phenylglycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde] (PPGEF) with an amine curing agent, 4,4 0 -diamino-3,3 0 -dimethyldicyclohexyl methane (BMCHA), cardanol based reactive diluent (Cardolite NC-513) and two different cardanol-based flexibilizers (Cardolite NC-514 and Cardolite NC-547). The flexibilizer content was varied from 5 to 10% by weight of the resin. These resins were coated onto the stainless steel panels and tested for their gloss, cross-hatch adhesion, falling weight impact resistance, flexibility, abrasion, scratch hardness, solvent scrub resistance, and chemical resistance. The thermo-mechanical properties of these coatings were determined by TGA, DSC, DMTA, and tensile strength measurements. The cryofractured specimens were subjected to SEM analysis. The influence of structural differences of two flexibilizers on the coating properties was investigated. These coatings exhibited excellent properties and have great potential in industrial applications.

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Synthesis, spectral and thermal degradation kinetics of novolac resins derived from cardanol

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Toughening of epoxy novolac resin using cardanol based flexibilizers

Flexible epoxy novolac coatings: Use of cardanol‐based flexibilizers

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