Synthesis Strategies and Biological Value of Pyrrole and Pyrrolopyrimidine

Abstract

For several decades, interest in the synthesis pyrrole and pyrrolopyrimidine increases due to the importance of these heterocycles both from chemical and biological points of view. They possess several biological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-convulsant, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-depressant, antidiabetic, anti-allergic activities. These findings motivated us to present this review which highlights different methods of the synthesis of pyrrole and pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as well as their biological importance from the past to recent years.

Synthesis of novel pyrroles and fused pyrroles as antifungal and antibacterial agents

“…Also, A pyrrole derivative exhibited its antifungal activity against A. fumigatus by inhibiting the expression of two important proteins at the time of spore germination 83 . Other pyrroles affected proteins but not at the level of synthesis as protein inhibitors like toyocamycin and sangivamycin, two pyrrole derivatives that are reported as inhibitors of protein kinase C and/or protein kinase A 50 and also several other pyrrole derivatives were found to be inhibitors of several types of protein kinases 27 . There are other antifungal agents reported to produce their effect through acting on some proteins, Sordarins are one example that acts on the yeast protein synthesis elongation cycle.…”

“…3.1. Chemistry N-aryl-2-amino-3-cyanopyrroles 1a-d were obtained by reaction of a-hydroxy ketones (namely; benzoin or phenacyl bromide) with different aryl amine and malonodinitrile according to a procedure defined in the literature 50,64,65 . Reaction of nitriles, carboxylic acids, esters, ortho-esters or hydroxyamides with ethylenediamine, using carbon disulphide as solvent, is a well-known method for preparation of the corresponding 2-substituted imidazolines, as used here for the preparation of compounds 3-(2-dihydroimidazolyl)pyrrole-2-amines 2a-d [66][67][68][69] .…”

Chemical Classes Presenting Novel Antituberculosis Agents Currently in Different Phases of Drug Development: A 2010–2020 Review

“…A pyrrole is one of the most prominent heterocycles and are present in a broad range of natural products. For example, it is a structural component of heme and chlorophyll (pigments essential for life), chlorins, vitamin B12, and bile pigments (biliverdin and bilirubin) [ 224 ]. In addition, pyrrole derivatives have been found to possess a wide spectrum of activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-tumor, anti-epileptic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic agents [ 225 , 226 ].…”

Functionalized 2,2’-Bipyrroles: Building Blocks for Pyrrolic Macrocycles

“…There are a number of reviews focused on the preparation of pyrrole [11,12] and pyrrole-based building blocks. [13,14] Some that encompass the preparation of 2,2’-bipyrroles, as well as other functional precursors, such as naphthobipyrroles, [15,16] benzobipyrroles, [17] or Bröring's conformationally restricted 2,2’-bipyrrole, [18] have appeared in recent years. [19–24] Furthermore, in 2017 Setsune published a review highlighting recent advances in 2,2’-bipyrrole-based porphyrinoids with a section devoted to preparative methods.…”