Synthesis, structure, and properties of bifunctional azobenzene monomers and polymers on their basis

Covalent attachment of chromophores to chlorinated copolymers for optical waveguides: Synthesis and optical characterization

“…It was observed that polymers containing chromophore groups very similar to that contained in poly(CS-GMA-MA19) in both main and side chains [23,31,39,57,58], decompose at temperatures associated with the decomposition of chromophore, generally lowering the polymer thermal stability.…”

“…The reversible cis-trans isomerization can lead to differences in absorption spectra, dipole moments, refraction indexes, which can be used in optical storage [21,22]. Besides, azobenzene groups are dipole nonlinear optical chromophores that may be employed for the synthesis of electrooptical polymer materials designed for broadband light modulators and integral optoelectronic chips [23].…”

“…Azochromophores may be incorporated into a polymer matrix via condensation reactions [28][29][30], or radical (co)polymerization [23,31,32]. The latter has been often achieved by chemical modification of the chromophore with methacryloyl groups, which were then copolymerized alongside other acrylic monomers.…”

“…Methacrylated chromophores are usually prepared through the interaction of methacryloyl chloride with the chromophore molecule. However, drawbacks in this method are related to the evolution of hydrogen chloride in the course of reaction causing a potential decrease in the efficiency of dipole polarization of the resulting material [23]. One way to overcome this problem is to replace chloride with other acrylates bearing reactive groups, such as epoxy ring in GMA [33,34].…”

Methacrylic copolymers with quinoxaline chromophores in the side chain exhibiting quadratic nonlinear optical response

“…Two main synthetic routes have traditionally been employed for preparing side‐chain NLO polymers 3,5 . First, chromophore‐bearing monomers were synthesized and polymerized directly into homopolymers or copolymerized with an optically inert monomers 9–15 . Second, high molecular weight polymer precursors having reactive sites were prepared, and NLO chromophores were tethered through various postfunctionalization schemes 16–20 .…”