Synthetic Calcium–Phosphate Materials for Bone Grafting

Abstract

Synthetic bone grafting materials play a significant role in various medical applications involving bone regeneration and repair. Their ability to mimic the properties of natural bone and promote the healing process has contributed to their growing relevance. While calcium–phosphates and their composites with various polymers and biopolymers are widely used in clinical and experimental research, the diverse range of available polymer-based materials poses challenges in selecting the most suitable grafts for successful bone repair. This review aims to address the fundamental issues of bone biology and regeneration while providing a clear perspective on the principles guiding the development of synthetic materials. In this study, we delve into the basic principles underlying the creation of synthetic bone composites and explore the mechanisms of formation for biologically important complexes and structures associated with the various constituent parts of these materials. Additionally, we offer comprehensive information on the application of biologically active substances to enhance the properties and bioactivity of synthetic bone grafting materials. By presenting these insights, our review enables a deeper understanding of the regeneration processes facilitated by the application of synthetic bone composites.

Engineering Precise Interconnected Porosity in β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) Matrices by Means of Top–Down Digital Light Processing

“…In our opinion, the data obtained in this study confirm that, as reported in the literature, the β-TCP matrices produced using our top-down DLP present promising properties for bone tissue engineering [33]. In fact, we demonstrated that the purity of β-TCP powder and the physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility of matrices are not altered by our printing process [34].…”

“…Even though our study focused on β-TCP, other calcium phosphate synthetic apatites, like HA and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), a mixture of hydroxyapatite and β-TCP, can also be considered because of their specific biological and mechanical properties [13,33]. However, depending on the synthetic calcium apatite composition, specific formulations of polymer binders are necessary if we want to obtain high-density matrices with optimised properties [44,45].…”

Use of Plant Extracts in Polymeric Scaffolds in the Regeneration of Mandibular Injuries

“…This study investigated a viable alternative to be used in dentistry and regenerative medicine for the treatment of mandibular lesions, given that this clinical condition has a direct impact on patients’ quality of life and on the resources allocated to healthcare for these purposes [ 56 , 57 ]. Therefore, the ability of plant extracts (pomegranate and jatoba) to stimulate osteogenesis in polymeric scaffolds during the bone repair process of defects created in the mandibular ramus of rats was evaluated.…”

Design, In Vitro Evaluation and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Additive Manufacturing Three-Dimensional Printing of β beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

“…When compared to HA, β-TCP has enhanced biodegradability and resorption rates, which may increase the biocompatibility of implants. The β-TCP has a lower resorption rate relative to α-TCP, and the nanoporous structure of β-TCP provides improved biomineralization, cell adhesion, and osteoblast proliferation [19].…”