Synthetic Diamond Electrodes: Photoelectrochemical Investigation of Undoped and Boron‐Doped Polycrystalline Thin Films

Sakharova, A. Ya.; Pleskov, Yu. V.; Quarto, F. Di; Piazza, S.; Sunseri, C.; Teremetskaya, I. G.; Varnin, V. P.

doi:10.1149/1.2050078

Cited by 48 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…12 In this work, we explore the potential for the use of oxygen-terminated, nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) as an optically driven stimulation electrode. Although there have been a number of reports looking at the photoelectrochemical response of diamond 12,13 and related materials, 14,15 the role of surface termination has not been addressed in sufficient detail. Furthermore, most of these works have focused on the steady-state photoresponse and have not fully explored the effect of mixed phase materials such as N-UNCD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient photoresponse of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes in saline solution

Ahnood

Simonov

Laird

et al. 2016

Applied Physics Letters

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Beyond conventional electrically-driven neuronal stimulation methods, there is a growing interest in optically-driven approaches. In recent years, nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) has emerged as a strong material candidate for use in electrically-driven stimulation electrodes. This work investigates the electrochemical activity of N-UNCD in response to pulsed illumination, to assess its potential for use as an optically-driven stimulation electrode. Whilst N-UNCD in the as-grown state exhibits a weak photoresponse, the oxygen plasma treated film exhibits two orders of magnitude enhancement in its sub-bandgap open circuit photovoltage response. The enhancement is attributed to the formation of a dense network of oxygen-terminated diamond nanocrystals at the N-UNCD surface. Electrically connected to the N-UNCD bulk via sub-surface graphitic grain boundaries, these diamond nanocrystals introduce a semiconducting barrier between the sub-surface graphitic semimetal and the electrolyte solution, leading to a photovoltage under irradiation with wavelengths of k ¼ 450 nm and shorter. Within the safe optical exposure limit of 2 mW mm À2 , charge injection capacity of 0.01 mC cm À2 is achieved using a 15 Â 15 lm electrode, meeting the requirements for extracellular and intercellular stimulation. The nanoscale nature of processes presented here along with the diamond's biocompatibility and biostability open an avenue for the use of oxygen treated N-UNCD as optically driven stimulating electrodes. V

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confidence: 99%

Transient photoresponse of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes in saline solution

Ahnood

Simonov

Laird

et al. 2016

Applied Physics Letters

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“…For carrier density calculations, the dielectric constant of 5.7 (same as single–crystal diamond) was used. All the Mott-Schottky plots exhibited a distinct negative slope indicative of p-type carrier conduction [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Since such data for nanodiamond overlayers immobilized on BDD have not yet been reported, the values and the trend in comparison to other carbon-based materials are challenging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shifts in E f indicate that the ND surfaces play a vital role which strongly affects the interfacial electron energetics while ensuring electrostatic stabilization of the colloidal dispersions produced by the SAUD process. Knowing that the flatband potential of a p-type semiconductor is located near the vicinity of a valence band [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ], it is suggestive that the whole band offset, namely, the location of conduction and valence bands could be modified [ 66 ]. The estimated N values are higher compared to the ones reported for typical boron doped diamond [ 66 , 67 ] and could result mainly from surface chemical composition and the core-shell carbon phases (sp 2 C/sp 3 C ratio).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt-Assisted Ultrasonicated De-Aggregation and Advanced Redox Electrochemistry of Detonation Nanodiamond

et al. 2017

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Nanodiamond particles form agglomerates in the dry powder state and this poses limitation to the accessibility of their diamond-like core thus dramatically impacting their technological advancement. In this work, we report de-agglomeration of nanodiamond (ND) by using a facile technique namely, salt-assisted ultrasonic de-agglomeration (SAUD). Utilizing ultrasound energy and ionic salts (sodium chloride and sodium acetate), SAUD is expected to break apart thermally treated nanodiamond aggregates (~50–100 nm) and produce an aqueous slurry of de-aggregated stable colloidal nanodiamond dispersions by virtue of ionic interactions and electrostatic stabilization. Moreover, the SAUD technique neither has toxic chemicals nor is it difficult to remove impurities and therefore the isolated nanodiamonds produced are exceptionally suited for engineered nanocarbon for mechanical (composites, lubricants) and biomedical (bio-labeling, biosensing, bioimaging, theranostic) applications. We characterized the microscopic structure using complementary techniques including transmission electron microscopy combined with selected-area electron diffraction, optical and vibrational spectroscopy. We immobilized SAUD produced NDs on boron-doped diamond electrodes to investigate fundamental electrochemical properties. They included surface potential (or Fermi energy level), carrier density and mapping electrochemical (re)activity using advanced scanning electrochemical microscopy in the presence of a redox-active probe, with the aim of understanding the surface redox chemistry and the interfacial process of isolated nanodiamond particles as opposed to aggregated and untreated nanoparticles. The experimental findings are discussed in terms of stable colloids, quantum confinement and predominantly surface effects, defect sites (sp2–bonded C and unsaturated bonds), inner core (sp3–bonded C)/outer shell (sp2–bonded C) structure, and surface functionality. Moreover, the surface electronic states give rise to midgap states which serve as electron donors (or acceptors) depending upon the bonding (or antibonding). These are important as electroanalytical platforms for various electrocatalytic processes.

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“…[92][93][94][95][96]. Boron is easily incorporated in the diamond film, substituting carbon atoms in the lattice.…”

Section: Boron-doped Diamond Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BDD electrodes are thus semiconductor electrodes with microcrystalline structure and relatively rough surfaces on the micrometric scale, with exceptional chemical inertness and mechanical strength, negligible adsorption of organic compounds, extreme hardness and applications in aggressive media such as strong acids. BDD is an excellent electrode material with a very wide potential range in aqueous solution and low background current, due to the absence of carbon-oxygen functionalities and low sensitivity to dissolved oxygen, [92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104].…”

Section: Boron-doped Diamond Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Electrodes in Drug Analysis

Özkan

Kauffmann

Zuman

2015

Monographs in Electrochemistry

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Synthetic Diamond Electrodes: Photoelectrochemical Investigation of Undoped and Boron‐Doped Polycrystalline Thin Films

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Transient photoresponse of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes in saline solution

Transient photoresponse of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes in saline solution

Salt-Assisted Ultrasonicated De-Aggregation and Advanced Redox Electrochemistry of Detonation Nanodiamond

Solid Electrodes in Drug Analysis

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