“…Since b-estradiol is not a yeast metabolite or signaling molecule, cellular metabolism is not perturbed (McIsaac et al, 2013b). ZEVs have been widely used for basic and applied research, including studies of gene regulatory networks (Hackett et al, 2020;Kang et al, 2020;Ma & Brent, 2020), individual gene function (Elfving et al, 2014;Lyon et al, 2016;Weir et al, 2017;Tran et al, 2018;Kim et al, 2019;Smith et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020;Kira et al, 2021), gene regulation (Carey, 2015;Hendrickson et al, 2018a;Schikora-Tamarit et al, 2018;Lutz et al, 2019;Brion et al, 2020;preprint: Leydon et al, 2021), metabolic engineering (Liu et al, 2020), synthetic biology (Schikora-Tamarit et al, 2016;Aranda-D ıaz et al, 2017;Gander et al, 2017;Pothoulakis & Ellis, 2018;Bashor et al, 2019;Kotopka & Smolke, 2020;Shaw et al, 2019;Yang et al, 2019), biocontainment (Agmon et al, 2017), living materials (Gilbert et al, 2021), highthroughput screening (Younger et al, 2017;Staller et al, 2018), and they have also been adapted to fission yeast (Ohira et al, 2017;G omez-Gil et al, 2020;Nuckolls et al, 2020) and Pichia pastoris (Perez-Pinera et al, 2016).…”