Synthetic growth hormone releasers detected in seized drugs: new trends in the use of drugs for performance enhancement

Stensballe, Allan; McVeigh, Jim; Breindahl, Torben; Kimergård, Andreas

doi:10.1111/add.12785

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Emerging drugs such as growth hormone releasers, CJC‐1295, GHRP‐2 and GHRP‐6 (Stensbelle et al . ) and SARMS – non‐steroidal selective androgen modulators (Evans‐Brown et al . ) are being sold online for muscle gain despite being as yet unapproved for clinical use.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emerging drugs such as growth hormone releasers, CJC-1295, GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 (Stensbelle et al 2015) and SARMSnon-steroidal selective androgen modulators (Evans-Brown et al 2012) are being sold online for muscle gain despite being as yet unapproved for clinical use. There is little research into the products endorsed by users, patterns of use or outcomes of SARM use.…”

Section: User Sourcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Brennan

Wells

Hout

2016

Health Soc Care Community

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Injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population is a public health concern. A wide and varied range of IPED are now easily accessible to all through the online market. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken according to Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) guidelines for systematic review, to identify the relevant literature. No date restrictions were placed on the database search in the case of human growth hormone melanotan I and II, and oil and cosmetic injectables. In the case of anabolic androgenic steroids search dates were restricted to January 2014-2015. Publications not in English and with a lack of specificity to the topic were excluded. The review yielded 133 relevant quantitative and qualitative papers, clinical trials, clinical case presentations and editorials/reports. Findings were examined/reviewed under emergent themes which identified/measured extent of use, user profiling, sourcing, product endorsement, risk behaviours and health outcomes in users. Motivation for IPED use may be grounded in appearance, pursuit of health and youth, and body image disturbance. IPED users can practice moderated use, with pathological use linked to high-risk behaviours, which may be normalised within IPED communities. Many IPED trajectories and pathways of use are not scientifically documented. Much of this information may be available online in IPED specific discussion forums, an underutilised setting for research, where uncensored discourse takes place among users. This review underscores the need for future internet and clinical research to investigate prevalence and patterns of injecting use, and to map health outcomes in IPED users. This paper provides community-based clinical practice and health promotion services with a detailed examination and analysis of the injecting use of IPED, highlighting the patterns of this public health issue. It serves to disseminate updated publication information to health and social policy makers and those in health service practice who are involved in harm reduction intervention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: User Sourcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Brennan

Wells

Hout

2016

Health Soc Care Community

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“…This is not just an issue related to anabolic steroids but effects all illicitly manufactured image and performance enhancing drugs e.g. peptide hormones (Kimergard et al, 2014b), growth hormone releasing hormones (Stensballe et al, 2015), melanotan II (Breindahl et al, 2015), 2,4-Dinitrophenol (McVeigh et al, 2016 and even dietary supplements adulterated with anabolic steroids (Abbate et al, 2015) or ancillary drugs such as tamoxifen (Evans-Brown et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health

McVeigh

Begley

2016

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4614/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain.http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from this work) McVeigh LJMU Research OnlineThe version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Conclusions: Key changes in our knowledge during the 20 years, in particular in relation to HIV prevalence, changes in the market and patterns of use make anabolic steroid use a public health concern. In the context of increasing numbers of injectors, there is a need for comprehensive interventions.

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“…Among the new additions to the GHRP portfolio, PEGylated GHRP‐2 (as agonist) and PEGylated as well as palmitoylated ghrelin receptor inverse agonists were described, pointing into a direction that might necessitate expanded doping control analytical approaches in the future. Currently, predominantly findings of GHRP‐2 and GHRP‐6 in seized material as well as routine sports drug testing samples have been mentioned, with urinary concentrations necessitating LODs for the intact drug and diagnostic metabolites in the low pg/mL range. The question whether intranasal GHRP administrations are detectable by doping control analytical strategies was answered by Semenistaya et al ., who analyzed urine samples of individuals having received a single dose of either GHRP‐1, GHRP‐2, GHRP‐6, hexarelin, or ipamorelin at 5 µg/kg body weight .…”

Section: Peptide Hormones Growth Factors and Related Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…- [131,132,136,[138][139][140][141][142]144,[146][147][148][149] - [24,[125][126][127][128][129][130][132][133][134][135]137,143,145] S3 Beta-2-Agonists - [159][160][161][162][163] - [24,[150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158] S4 Hormone and metabolic modulators 1 Aromatase inhibitors [164] - [164] [ 24,165] 2 Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) - [167,169,170] - [24,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Thevis

Kuuranne

Walpurgis

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.

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Synthetic growth hormone releasers detected in seized drugs: new trends in the use of drugs for performance enhancement

Abstract: Figure 1Unlabelled vials containing the growth hormone releasers CJC-1295 (orange caps) and GHRP-2 (blue caps) seized at Copenhagen Airport (Denmark) providing pictures. This study was supported through the Obelske Family Foundation grants.

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

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