Synthetic musk residues in biota and water from Tama River and Tokyo Bay (Japan)

Yamagishi, Tatsunori; Miyazaki, Tomoyuki; Horii, Shozo; Akiyama, Koji

doi:10.1007/bf01055006

Cited by 117 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…They were found in freshwater fish, shellfish and foods (Yamagishi et al 1983;Yarawecz and Puma 1983), and the saliva of tobacco chewers (Nair et al 1986) as environmental pollutants. Musk ambrette was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium but MX lacked mutagenicity (Nair et al 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of musk xylene in rats

et al. 1991

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Distribution, metabolism and excretion of musk xylene (MX) were investigated in male Wistar rats. Urinary and fecal excretion accounted for 10 and 75% of the dose (70 mg/kg), respectively, on day 7 after orally administration of 3H-MX to rats. Total residue of radioactivity in tissues on day 7 was less than 2.0% of the administered dose. The highest concentration was found in adipose tissue and the second was in liver. Some metabolites of MX were identified using GC-MS and NMR after purification by column or thin layer chromatography of feces, bile and urine extracts. MX, 2-NH2-MX, 2-Ac-MX, 2-NH2-3-CH2OH-MX, and 2-NH2-5-tert-BuOH-MX were found in feces, bile and urine. 4-NH2-MX and metabolite X were found in feces and urine. 4-NH2-3-CH2OH-MX was found in urine. HO-MX was found in bile. The major route of excretion for MX was the feces via bile. The reduction of the 2-nitro group of MX to the amino group was a key step in metabolism. Further metabolism of 2-NH2-MX may proceed by decreased steric hindrance of functional group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of musk xylene in rats

et al. 1991

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“…However, since 1981 it is known that artificial musks can be found in fish (Yamagishi et al, 1981(Yamagishi et al, , 1983Rimkus & Wolf, 1995;Fromme et al, 2001;Gatermann et al, 2002), and as a results artificial musks may be present in fish products. The results for musks in this study are given in table 3 at the end of this section.…”

Section: Musk Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Contaminants and Pesticides in Food Products

Peters¹,

Beeltje²,

Houtzager³

2011

Pesticides in the Modern World - Risks and Benefits

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“…Domestic wastewaters are assumed to be the major route ofenvironmental pollution. Musk xylene and musk ketone were detected in the aquatic environment at first in Japan in 1981 7 . In the early 1990s, these compounds were also found in German surface water, fish and other aquatic organisms 8,9,10 and for the first time in human fat and milk 11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition of Nitro Musks and Polycyclic Musks Into Human Milk

Liebl

Mayer

Ommer³

et al.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Synthetic musks are widely used in various consumer products. The identification of nitro musks in human milk in the early 1990s in connection with evidence for cancerogenicity in animal experiments have caused public concern. However, the validity of previously reported quantitative data has been questioned. Polycylic musks have hardly been investigated so far. The present study aimed at providing accurate current data on the occurrence of nitro and polycyclic musks in human milk. Samples from 40 healthy breast feeding mothers were analysed under carefully controlled conditions avoiding secondary contamination. As in earlier studies, among the nitro compounds musk xylene and ketone were the most frequently detected substances. However, much lower concentrations (roughly by a factor of 10) were found (musk xylene: median 6.1 ng/kg fat). Among the polycylic musks HHCB was found in most samples (median 64 ng/kg fat). Scientific knowledge on possible routes of exposure and health risk aspects is summarized and discussed.

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Synthetic musk residues in biota and water from Tama River and Tokyo Bay (Japan)

Cited by 117 publications

References 11 publications

Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of musk xylene in rats

Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of musk xylene in rats

Industrial Contaminants and Pesticides in Food Products

Transition of Nitro Musks and Polycyclic Musks Into Human Milk

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