Synthetic peptides derived from an N‐terminal domain of the E2 protein of GB virus C in the study of GBV‐C/HIV‐1 co‐infection

Fernández, Leticia; Chan, Weng C.; Egido, Meritxell; Gómara, María J.; Haro, Isabel

doi:10.1002/psc.2403

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…in the field of GB virus C, Herpes simplex, and human coronaviruses. They concluded that antigenic peptides could be considered useful tools for designing new diagnostic systems with often sensitivities in the range of low- picomolar concentrations of mAbs and with a high specificity [38,39]. However, while evaluating our results, we were absolutely aware of the shortcomings of the initial experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An antibody response to human polyomavirus 15-mer peptides is highly abundant in healthy human subjects

Stuyver

Verbeke²,

Loy

et al. 2013

Virol J

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BackgroundHuman polyomaviruses (HPyV) infections cause mostly unapparent or mild primary infections, followed by lifelong nonpathogenic persistence. HPyV, and specifically JCPyV, are known to co-diverge with their host, implying a slow rate of viral evolution and a large timescale of virus/host co-existence. Recent bio-informatic reports showed a large level of peptide homology between JCPyV and the human proteome. In this study, the antibody response to PyV peptides is evaluated.MethodsThe in-silico analysis of the HPyV proteome was followed by peptide microarray serology. A HPyV-peptide microarray containing 4,284 peptides was designed and covered 10 polyomavirus proteomes. Plasma samples from 49 healthy subjects were tested against these peptides.ResultsIn-silico analysis of all possible HPyV 5-mer amino acid sequences were compared to the human proteome, and 1,609 unique motifs are presented. Assuming a linear epitope being as small as a pentapeptide, on average 9.3% of the polyomavirus proteome is unique and could be recognized by the host as non-self. Small t Ag (stAg) contains a significantly higher percentage of unique pentapeptides. Experimental evidence for the presence of antibodies against HPyV 15-mer peptides in healthy subjects resulted in the following observations: i) antibody responses against stAg were significantly elevated, and against viral protein 2 (VP2) significantly reduced; and ii) there was a significant correlation between the increasing number of embedded unique HPyV penta-peptides and the increase in microarray fluorescent signal.ConclusionThe anti-peptide HPyV-antibodies in healthy subjects are preferably directed against the penta-peptide derived unique fraction of the viral proteome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

An antibody response to human polyomavirus 15-mer peptides is highly abundant in healthy human subjects

Stuyver

Verbeke²,

Loy

et al. 2013

Virol J

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“…Dendrimers are well-de ned (monodisperse) synthetic globular polymers with a range of interesting chemical and biological properties [224,[240][241][242]. Chemical properties include the presence of multiple accessible surface functional groups that can be used for coupling biologically relevant molecules and methods allowing precise heterofunctionalization of surface groups.…”

Section: Dendrimers For Vaccine and Immunostimulatorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendrimer for targeted drug delivery and Vaccine and Immunostimulatory: applications and methods

Kianfar

2022

Preprint

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Dendrimers are a new class of branched polymeric materials. They all are originated from a single nucleus and described as macromolecules with a three-dimensional branching structure. Dendrimers exist in the blossoming phase of drug delivery in micro and Nanosystems for local or systemic brain administration. Dendrimers are three-dimensional molecules containing structural symmetry. They include continuously branched molecules comprising a central unit called core along with branching points. In dendrimers, branching points are essential for functioning and deciding branching generations. The more the number of branching points, the more is the generation number. Synthesized dendrimers are classified as polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, polylysine dendrimers, carbosilane dendrimers, and phosphorus-containing dendrimers. Some researchers classify dendrimers as polyatomic and polyionic dendrimers. However, polyanionic dendrimers are preferred because of their less toxicity. Polyamidoamine class of dendrimers is popular and most widely used as a result of their reproducibility, safety, biocompatibility, stability, small size, and precision. They contain tertiary amine branches and alkyl diamine core and are polyatomic. Dendrimer enters the cells like neurons and astrocytes through receptor-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis. The main advantage of dendrimers is their drug-loading ability within the cavities of dendrimers, which acts as the main site of the encapsulation process. They have wide applications in neurodegenerative disorders such as cerebral palsy, AD, PD, prions disease, and also in central nervous system imaging and diagnosis. Cationic phosphorous-containing dendrimers were found to interact with the aggregation of plaques and tangles. It was reported that sialic acid–conjugated dendrimers can inhibit the hyperphosphorylation of tau tangles at a micromolar concentration, which is lower than soluble sialic acid. PPI and G5 polyamidoamine dendrimers show anti-prion activity in neuroblastoma ScN2 cells. It was recently revealed that conjugation of CY5-labeled free activable cell-penetrating peptides to PAMAM dendrimers can differentiate the tumor and adjacent tissues thus increasing tumor resects in a mouse xenograft model. Researchers suggested that the intravenous route of administration effectively penetrates the central nervous system with wide biodistribution for extended therapy. The toxicity of dendrimers markedly depends on factors such as the number of generations, core, and surface properties. Amino-terminated dendrimers were found to be toxic due to the shielding of internal cationic charge by surface modification. To overcome the toxicity of dendrimers, the generation and conjugation with biocompatible groups like Polyethylene glycol is increased. Biologically, dendrimers are highly biocompatible and have predictable biodistribution and cell membrane interacting characteristics determined by their size and surface charge. Dendrimers have optimal characteristics to fill the need for efficient immunostimulating compounds (adjuvants) to increase the efficiency of vaccines. The reason is that dendrimers can provide molecularly defined multivalent scaffolds to produce highly defined conjugates with small-molecule immunostimulators or antigens.

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“…The E2 envelope glycoprotein appears to inhibit the earlier steps of HIV infection, due to an internal fusion peptide that inhibits gp41 fusion to the cell targets [5]. The use of small peptides derived from GBV-C envelope proteins has thus been suggested as a strategy to inhibit HIV-infection [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penetration of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide derived from GB virus C in a vaginal mucosa model

Ariza-Sáenz

Espina

Bolaños

et al. 2017

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

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Despite the great effort to decrease the HIV infectivity rate, current antiretroviral therapy has several weaknesses; poor bioavailability, development of drug resistance and poor ability to access tissues. However, molecules such as peptides have emerged asa new expectative to HIV eradication. The vaginal mucosa is the main spreading point of HIV. There are natural barriers such as the vaginal fluid which protects the vaginal epithelium from any foreign agents reaching it. This work has developed and characterized Nanoparticles (NPs) coated with glycol chitosan (GC), loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide (E2). In vitro release and ex vivo studies were carried out using the vaginal mucosa of swine and the peptide was determined by HPLC MS/MS validated method. Moreover, the peptide was labeled with 5(6)-carboxyfluoresceine and entrapped into the NPs to carried out in vivo studies and to evaluate the NPs penetration and toxicity in the vaginal mucosa of the swine. The mean size of the NPs, ξ and the loading percentage were fundamental features for to reach the vaginal tissue and to release the peptide within intercellular space. The obtained results suggesting that the fusion inhibitor peptides loaded into the NPs coated with GC might be a new way to fight the HIV-1, due to the formulation might reach the human epithelial mucosa and release peptide without any side effects.

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Synthetic peptides derived from an N‐terminal domain of the E2 protein of GB virus C in the study of GBV‐C/HIV‐1 co‐infection

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

An antibody response to human polyomavirus 15-mer peptides is highly abundant in healthy human subjects

An antibody response to human polyomavirus 15-mer peptides is highly abundant in healthy human subjects

Dendrimer for targeted drug delivery and Vaccine and Immunostimulatory: applications and methods

Penetration of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with an HIV-1 inhibitor peptide derived from GB virus C in a vaginal mucosa model

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