Synthetic Strategies and Biological Activities of 1,5-Disubstituted Pyrazoles and 2,5-Disubstituted Thiazoles

Abstract

Pyrazoles and thiazoles belong to 5-membered aromatic heterocycles called azoles. In addition to a nitrogen, pyrazoles contain an additional nitrogen in a 1,2 linkage and thiazoles contain a sulfur atom in a 1,3 linkage. These compounds are useful pharmacophores that offer a broad range of therapeutic applications. Pyrazoles can be synthesized by (i) the condensation of 1,3 dipolar compounds and alkenes/alkynes, (b) cyclocondensation of hydrazines and dicarbonyl reagents, and (c) multi-component reactions. Access to thiazoles is typically via (a) the condensation of α-haloketones with nucleophilic thioamides containing the N-C-S fragment, (b) a reaction between α-aminonitriles and various reactants containing an X-C-S fragment, and (c) a reaction of acylaminocarbonyls and phosphorus pentasulfide. This chapter will focus on the strategies and our perspectives on the synthesis of pyrazoles and thiazoles including derivatives at the 1,5 positions and 2, 4, 5 positions respectively, reported during 2015–2022. Additionally, their therapeutic and biological evaluations will be discussed.

Advances in the Synthesis of Heterocycles with Two and Three Heteroatoms using Hydrazonoyl Halides

“…General information on the solution of synthetic problems in the preparation of such compounds can be found in individual chapters of the collections. [78,79]…”