Synthetic strategy matters: The study of a different kind of PVP as micellar vehicles of metronidazole

The Impact of Various Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Polymers on the Crystallization Process of Metronidazole

“…Upon cooling the molten sample (with the same = 10 K/min), a single exothermic peak with a maximum at T = 326.3 K is observed (a light blue line). According to previous literature reports [ 44 , 74 , 75 , 76 ], the endothermic event at higher T corresponds to the melting of the API, while the exothermic one at lower T is attributed to the crystallization of MTZ. At this point, it is worth mentioning that inspired by studies demonstrating that the cooling rate of a sample significantly influences the phase transitions and makes it possible to transform the crystalline API into the amorphous form [ 77 , 78 , 79 ], we have made attempts to supercool/vitrify MTZ at various .…”

“…For example, Balani et al reported that the addition of 33% of PVP K30 significantly suppresses the recrystallization of amorphous salbutamol sulfate, while an 80% polymer content completely stabilizes the amorphous form of the drug (even after a storage period) [ 39 ]. Herein, it should be noted that the large-scale production of PVP occurs through uncontrolled radical polymerization, allowing only for the attainment of poorly defined macromolecules (a broad range of molecular weights M n and hence, high dispersity Ð) [ 43 , 44 ]. Meanwhile, the most desirable polymers in the pharmaceutical industry are macromolecules with precisely tailored parameters, characterized by the target M n , low-to-moderate Ð (preferably not exceeding a value of 1.5), and possessing active chain ends enabling further modifications according to specific requirements.…”

The Influence of PVP Polymer Topology on the Liquid Crystalline Order of Itraconazole in Binary Systems

“…Unfortunately, despite the great importance of this polymer, scientists still only examine the role of molecular weights ( M n ) of commercially available PVP, − while the impact of other factors, such as polymer topology or dispersity ( Đ ) on the pharmacokinetic properties of numerous pharmaceuticals, is not described at all. Herein, it should be stressed that this is most likely because the large-scale PVP synthesis is based on an uncontrolled free radical process. , As a result, the obtained linear macromolecules consist of both long and short chains, ultimately leading to high Đ values (most often above 2, which means poorly defined macrostructural parameters). Moreover, free radical polymerization is mainly employed to produce high- M n PVP, posing a potential threat of accumulation in the human body or the environment. , It should also be kept in mind that for special applications (e.g., in pharmaceutical formulation designing), strict control of polymer parameters is highly required.…”

Environmentally friendly loading of palladium nanoparticles on nanoporous PET track-etched membranes grafted by poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) via RAFT polymerization for the photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole

“…34 Poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) is an effectively used polymer for the removal of pollutants such as heavy metals, antibiotics and dyes from wastewater by absorption. 35,36 Some nanoparticles have also been reported to be effective in the degradation of MTZ. Metal oxide NPs such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), 37 zinc oxide (ZnO), 38 and iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), 39 have been extensively studied for their ability to adsorb and degrade various pollutants including metronidazole.…”