Synthetic Vision CFIT Experiments for GA and Commercial Aircraft: "A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Lives"

Prinzel, Lawrence J.; Hughes, Monica F.; Arthur, Jarvis J.; Kramer, Lynda J.; Glaab, Louis J.; Bailey, Randy E.; Parrish, Russell V.; Uenking, Michael D.

doi:10.1037/e576862012-056

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In a context of significant changes in pilot-system interfaces, research on cockpit design addresses human factors issues [59] on complexity (workload and errors involved in concurrent tasks) [45], human-centered or adaptive automation [6,60,36,11,39], and new interaction paradigms. [4,55,38,40,5,8]. Closer to our approach, ethnographic studies describe pilots activity.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Being in the Sky

Letondal

Vinot

Pauchet³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction

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In order to contribute to a design for future airline cockpits that can address the limitations of touch-based interfaces, we analyze tangible dimensions of cockpit activity based on observations and pilot interviews. Working from these data, using TEI theory and concepts of phenomenology, we discuss the implications for tangible design of our findings. We found that the status of sensation in perception, the required level of control in actions, the safety issues using physical objects and the restricted mode of externalization, raise challenges for tangible design. Accordingly, we discuss key concepts for the design of the future cockpit, such as the use of a protected space where interaction may involve compressed externalization, rhythmic structures and customized context-aware adaptations.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Being in the Sky

Letondal

Vinot

Pauchet³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction

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“…T HE development of the Synthetic Vision System (SVS) in the 1990s was a revolutionary step in avionics to replace the pilot's out-of-the-window view with a synthetic view [1]. An SVS usually provides pilots a head-down, nonconformal Synthetic Vision Display (SVD), portraying a computer-generated perspective view of the surrounding terrain environment overlaid with primary flight status information.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…An SVS usually provides pilots a head-down, nonconformal Synthetic Vision Display (SVD), portraying a computer-generated perspective view of the surrounding terrain environment overlaid with primary flight status information. The main driver for the development of the SVS has been the mitigation of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) occurrences caused by an impaired crew terrain situation awareness (SA) [1]. The Boeing Company reported that CFIT accidents still account for over 20% of commercial aviation fatal accidents worldwide [2].…”

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confidence: 99%

Design and Simulator Evaluation of an Ecological Synthetic Vision Display

Borst

Mulder

Paassen

2010

Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics

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A synthetic vision display is generally believed to support pilot terrain awareness. Many studies have shown, however, that the bias in perspective views can cause pilots to make judgment errors regarding the relative location, height, and ultimately the avoidance of terrain obstacles. Therefore, alerting systems are required to keep pilots at safe distances from the terrain. These systems provide explicit guidance commands to circumvent terrain conflicts, which is far from optimal regarding pilot terrain awareness as it fails to present the rationale of the terrain separation problem. Consequently, this can affect the trust in and the reliance on these systems and pose a potential safety risk, especially in events or situations unfamiliar to the alerting system. This paper presents the design and evaluation of an extension to a synthetic vision display that aims to make the constraints of the alerting automation more transparent in order to help pilots better understand why, how, and when they should act. A pilot-in-the-loop experiment, using 16 glass-cockpit pilots in a fixed-based flight simulator, showed that the constraint-based overlays indeed improved the overall pilot terrain awareness compared to a command-based display. The decision-making only improved in the unanticipated events introduced in the experiment. The utility of the energy angle was found to be important for recognizing the offnormal events and to prevent terrain crashes. However, the pilot response time, flight safety in terms of low-altitude flying, and pilot workload are better when using the command display. This indicates that a last-resort alerting and advisory system would still be required in operations at the periphery of safe system performance. Nomenclatureto-maneuver, m D P = pull-up/push-over distance, m dt = time step, s E kin = kinetic energy, Joule E pot = potential energy, Joule E tot = total energy, Joule g = gravitational acceleration, m=s 2 H = altitude, m H R = radio altitude, m H T = terrain height, m LB, RB = left and right heading constraints, n z = normal acceleration R P = pull-up radius, m R T = turn radius, m T = thrust force, N T L = look-ahead time, s T R = reaction time, m T = time-to-radius, s T = u-turn time, s V a = aerodynamic velocity, m=s V k = kinematic velocity, m=s V w = wind velocity, m=s W = weight, N X, Y = lateral positions, m = vertical flight-path angle, rad E = energy angle, rad M = maneuver angle, rad T = terrain angle, rad = roll lag-time constant, s = roll angle, rad = track angle, rad = heading angle, rad Subscripts a = aerodynamic C = collision k = kinematic min, max = minimum, maximum s, sn = specific w = wind Superscripts OC = optimum climb OG = optimum glide

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“…SVSs take the concept of terrain and obstacle avoidance a step further in that they depict the terrain, obstacles, and associated guidance cues in a perspective view on the primary flight display (PFD). This provides the pilot with a method to avoid conflicts with terrain long before warning systems such as TAWS would even come into play (e.g., Arthur, Prinzel, Kramer, Parrish, & Bailey, 2004;Prinzel et al, 2003;Prinzel, Kramer, Arthur, & Bailey, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Trade-Offs in Synthetic Vision System Display Resolution, Field of Regard, Terrain Data Density, Texture, and Shading During Off-Path Operations

Schnell

Keller

Etherington

2009

The International Journal of Aviation Psychology

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We conducted 2 independent fixed-base flight simulator studies to determine tradeoffs in synthetic vision system (SVS) display resolution, field of regard, terrain data density, texture, and shading during off-path operations. The data we present herein are a synthesis of prior work and may be useful for consideration by SVS designers and certification entities. Pilots flew off-path tasks, following the middle of a curved valley depicted on the SVS. The SVS parameters were manipulated between runs and cross-track deviations from the desired path following the middle of the valley were recorded. Off-path terrain navigation tasks were used to isolate the effect of the different SVS terrain depictions on cross-track error without the overriding effects of other flight guidance symbology. For off-path SVS operations and based on the results presented in this article, we recommend an SVS head-down display resolution of about 105 pixels per inch (ppi; 32.7 pixels per degree of visual angle) or better at a viewing distance of 21 in., a field of regard of 60 degrees, a terrain data density of 6 arc sec or better, a two-color checkerboard or elevation-based coloring scheme (or a combination thereof), and Gouraud shading of the texture.

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Synthetic Vision CFIT Experiments for GA and Commercial Aircraft: "A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Lives"

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Being in the Sky

Being in the Sky

Design and Simulator Evaluation of an Ecological Synthetic Vision Display

Trade-Offs in Synthetic Vision System Display Resolution, Field of Regard, Terrain Data Density, Texture, and Shading During Off-Path Operations

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