Synuclein deposition and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson disease

Autonomic Symptoms Correlate with Non-Autonomic Non-Motor Symptoms and Sleep Problems in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

“…According to the distribution of alpha- synuclein pathology in PD, the autonomic nervous system is involved throughout the disease course (Braak stages 1-6), while the involvement of the medulla and pons occurs during the early stage (Braak stages 1 and 2), and the involvement of the hypothalamus occurs in Braak stages 3-4 [29]. Therefore, it is reasonable for the nonmotor symptoms to show variable frequency and severity [30] and a heterogenous pattern [31] across the disease course of PD.…”

Gastric dysregulation induced by microinjection of 6-OHDA in the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats is determined by alterations in the brain-gut axis

“…Although the movement disorder has dominated the attention of clinicians and researchers, it is becoming increasingly recognized that PD also involves a prominent nonmotor pathology. In fact, patients with PD experience a remarkably broad spectrum of prodromic nonmotor symptoms that include sleep disorders, orthostatic hypotension, and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, all of which add significantly to the overall disability caused by PD (9,22,26,33,38,42).GI symptoms, such as dysphagia, nausea, delayed gastric emptying and dysmotility, and constipation, often precede the onset of motor symptoms; indeed, their occurrence in otherwise healthy people has been associated with an increased PD risk (9,14,27,40). Furthermore, the GI-related dysfunctions experienced by patients with PD often adversely impact the quality of life, and, perhaps worse, their management is limited and often restricted to supportive measures (38, 47).…”

“…Although the movement disorder has dominated the attention of clinicians and researchers, it is becoming increasingly recognized that PD also involves a prominent nonmotor pathology. In fact, patients with PD experience a remarkably broad spectrum of prodromic nonmotor symptoms that include sleep disorders, orthostatic hypotension, and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, all of which add significantly to the overall disability caused by PD (9,22,26,33,38,42).…”

Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Vascular Risk Factors and Cognition: A Critical Review

“…It seems that the balance between the dopamine, acetylcholine and glutamate neurotransmitters is compromised in PD, which may play a role in the subcortical-frontal behaviour impairment (Dubois et al, 1990). Other classical features of PD include the presence of Lewy bodies in the brainstem pigmented neurons, typical characteristics of the -synucloeopathy in PD (Jellinger, 2003(Jellinger, , 2011, and neuronal losses in the locus coeruleus (Aarsland et al, 2009). …”