Syphilis as a Social Disease: Experience from the Post-Communist Transition Period in Estonia

Uusküla, Anneli; Nygård, Jan F.; Kibur-Nygård, Mari

doi:10.1177/095646240401501006

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The studies also point to the contextual factors that are associated with high STD rates. For example, in Estonia higher rates of unemployment were associated with higher rates of syphilis, showing that syphilis is still exacerbated by social factors (Uuskula et al, 2004). Good news, for example, comes from Australia where control policies for STDs were successful in reducing STD rates .…”

Section: Stds Among Drug Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Semaan

Jarlais

Malow

2006

Substance Use & Misuse

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Prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV between and from drug users is important for controlling the local and global HIV heterosexual epidemic. Sex risk reduction interventions and health-related interventions are important for reducing the sex risk behaviors of drug users. Sex risk reduction interventions address individual-level, peer-level, and structural-level determinants of risk reduction. Health-related interventions include HIV counseling and testing, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and delivery of highly active antiretroviral therapy. It is important to adapt effective interventions implemented in resource-rich countries to the realities of the resourceconstrained settings and to address relevant contextual factors.RESUMEN-Il est important de prévenir la transmission hétérosexuelle du VIH à partir des usagers de drogue pour contrôler l'épidémie hétérosexuelle locale et mondiale de VIH. Des interventions ciblant à la fois la réduction de risque sexuel et la santé des usagers de drogue sont nécessaires. Les interventions de réduction de risque sexuel prennent en compte le niveau individuel, le niveau des pairs et celui des déterminants structurels de la réduction des risques. Les interventions visant l'amélioration de la santé comprennent le conseil et le dépistage du VIH, la prévention et le traitement des infections sexuellement transmissibles et la prescription d'antirétroviraux. Il est important d'adapter les interventions efficaces mises en place dans les pays riches aux réalités des contextes de pays à ressources limitées et de tenir compte des facteurs contextuels pertinents. Keywords global research; HIV; injection drug use; research interventions; sexual risk HIV Infection and Injection Drug UsersInjection drug use continues to complicate the control of the global HIV epidemic (UNAIDS, 2004). In 2003, 136 countries reported injecting drug use and 93 countries reported HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) (World Health Organization, 2003). IDUs are at risk for infection with HIV through both multiperson use ("sharing") of drug injection equipment and through unsafe sex behaviors (Aceijas et al., 2004). Although the scope and effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV infection through drug injection equipment has been well documented in the literature (Des Jarlais et al., 2005;Quan et This review describes sex risk reduction interventions with drug users and their effectiveness in reducing sexual risk behaviors of IDUs and other drug users. We highlight the needs and opportunities for these interventions, discuss the generalizability of the results to resourceconstrained settings, and outline the implications for global research efforts and public health practice. Although our literature review is not comprehensive, it highlights many areas that affect sexual transmission of HIV to and from drug users in both resource-rich and resourceconstrained settings. Efforts to reduce substance abuse and HIV risk associated with injection behav...

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Section: Stds Among Drug Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Semaan

Jarlais

Malow

2006

Substance Use & Misuse

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“…14 Underscoring the importance of social context, in a recent study changes in syphilis incidence rate were correlated with concurrent changes in the unemployment rate and tuberculosis incidence. 15 Similarly, underscoring the importance of health system parameters, adherence to treatment guidelines seems to be less than perfect. 16 Seroprevalence of HSV-2 among low risk populations is considerable.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex work in Tallinn, Estonia: the sociospatial penetration of sex work into society

Aral

2006

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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HIV infection does not disproportionately affect the poorer in sub-Saharan Africa

Mishra¹,

Bignami²,

Greener³

et al. 2007

Aids

192

148

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Syphilis as a Social Disease: Experience from the Post-Communist Transition Period in Estonia

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Behavior Change and Health-Related Interventions for Heterosexual Risk Reduction Among Drug Users

Sex work in Tallinn, Estonia: the sociospatial penetration of sex work into society

HIV infection does not disproportionately affect the poorer in sub-Saharan Africa

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