Third World states face a host of overlapping external and domestic threats. This thesis examines the causes and consequences of Lebanon's insecurity dilemma, and looks at Lebanon's relationship with Syria from a security complex perspective.Using an eclectic theoretical approach, the thesis investigates the structural, institutional, psychological and social causes of Lebanon's insecurity dilemma, and the latter's impact on state institutions, state-society relations, and Lebanon's relations with Syria. This thesis demonstrates how Lebanon's insecurity dilemma creates a self-perpetuating confessional system that exposes the country to external interventions. Accordingly, this thesis also considers whether it is possible to escape the trap of the insecurity dilemma in the future. vii