System zones in capillary zone electrophoresis

Gaš, Bohuslav; Kenndler, Ernst

doi:10.1002/elps.200406159

Cited by 49 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…ITP applications involving strong electrolytes were significantly developed and widely employed throughout the 1950s and 1980s. We do not review these in detail but refer the reader to a few studies involving the theory and applications of strong electrolyte ITP, including the separation of trace elements, heavy metals, and isotopes, among many others. ,,− ,,− Typically, ITP systems involving only strong electrolytes are not buffered, and such systems can exhibit highly variable (and difficult to control) pH values across zones . For this reason, modern microfluidic ITP applied to biological systems seldom involves strong electrolytes exclusively.…”

Section: Itp Using Strong Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotachophoresis: Theory and Microfluidic Applications

Ramachandran

Santiago

2022

Chem. Rev.

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Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.

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Section: Itp Using Strong Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotachophoresis: Theory and Microfluidic Applications

Ramachandran

Santiago

2022

Chem. Rev.

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“…It is well-known from literature that for each additional ionic constituent added to the BGE, an additional system peak will also be present. 11−13 Although this phenomenon is basic knowledge within the field, the literature does not report on the use of system peaks for the purposes of improving quantitative measurements. The authors of this study speculate that this is due to the complex nature of system peaks and the fact that traditional ISTDs are readily available for use by a skilled technician in a standard laboratory setting.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Internal Standards into Disposable Capillary Electrophoresis Devices To Improve Quantification

Bidulock¹,

Dubský

Berg³

et al. 2017

Anal. Chem.

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To improve point-of-care quantification using microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE), the chip-to-chip variabilities inherent in disposable, single-use devices must be addressed. This work proposes to integrate an internal standard (ISTD) into the microchip by adding it to the background electrolyte (BGE) instead of the sample—thus eliminating the need for additional sample manipulation, microchip redesigns, and/or system expansions required for traditional ISTD usage. Cs and Li ions were added as integrated ISTDs to the BGE, and their effects on the reproducibility of Na quantification were explored. Results were then compared to the conclusions of our previous publication which used Cs and Li as traditional ISTDs. The in-house fabricated microchips, electrophoretic protocols, and solution matrixes were kept constant, allowing the proposed method to be reliably compared to the traditional method. Using the integrated ISTDs, both Cs and Li improved the Na peak area reproducibility approximately 2-fold, to final RSD values of 2.2–4.7% (n = 900). In contrast (to previous work), Cs as a traditional ISTD resulted in final RSDs of 2.5–8.8%, while the traditional Li ISTD performed poorly with RSDs of 6.3–14.2%. These findings suggest integrated ISTDs are a viable method to improve the precision of disposable MCE devices—giving matched or superior results to the traditional method in this study while neither increasing system cost nor complexity.

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“…The separation was achieved in less than 2.0 min with good peak shape and resolution. A system peak (eigenpeak) [47] can be observed, and it was attributed to the presence of bromide ions from CTAB added to the BGE.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A system peak (eigenpeak) [47] can be observed, and it was attributed to the presence of bromide ions from CTAB added to the BGE. Using the simulation software Peakmaster [48], some anionic compounds (cyclamate, formate, propionate, salicylate, and tartrate) were selected to be evaluated as IS candidates.…”

Section: Ce-c 4 D Methods Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) for rapid and simple determination of lactate in sweat

Rocha,

da Silva,

de Jesus

2023

Electrophoresis

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An analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) was developed and validated for fast, straightforward, and reliable determination of lactate in artificial and human sweat samples. The background electrolyte was composed of equimolar concentrations (10 mmol/L) of 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid and histidine, with 0.2 mmol/L of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as electroosmotic flow inverter. The limit of detection and quantification were 3.1 and 10.3 µmol/L, respectively. Recoveries in the 97 to 118% range were obtained using sweat samples spiked with lactate at three concentration levels, indicating an acceptable accuracy. The intraday and interday precisions were 1.49 and 7.08%, respectively. The proposed CE–C4D method can be a starting point for monitoring lactate concentrations in sweat samples for diagnostics, physiological studies, and sports performance assessment applications.

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System zones in capillary zone electrophoresis

Cited by 49 publications

References 70 publications

Isotachophoresis: Theory and Microfluidic Applications

Isotachophoresis: Theory and Microfluidic Applications

Integrating Internal Standards into Disposable Capillary Electrophoresis Devices To Improve Quantification

Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) for rapid and simple determination of lactate in sweat

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System zones in capillary zone electrophoresis

Cited by 49 publications

References 70 publications

Isotachophoresis: Theory and Microfluidic Applications

Isotachophoresis: Theory and Microfluidic Applications

Integrating Internal Standards into Disposable Capillary Electrophoresis Devices To Improve Quantification

Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) for rapid and simple determination of lactate in sweat

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Product

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Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C⁴D) for rapid and simple determination of lactate in sweat