Systemanalyse der optisch-vestibul�ren Interaktion bei der Wahrnehmung der Vertikalen

Bischof, Norbert; Scheerer, Eckart

doi:10.1007/bf00424543

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The OCR values presented correspond to those shown in other studies (e.g., Bischof & Scheerer, 1970;Udo De Haes, 1970). The peaks in OCR should, according to the literature, occur at 60°body tilt.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…To investigate this phenomenon further, we bring our human subjects into various body positions in a dark environment, where they are presented with a luminous line. The subjects are requested to set this luminous line to the apparent vertical.A system-analytical approach, as initiated by Bischof and Scheerer (1970), envisages the problem of the perception of the vertical as a compensatory process. The angle of body tilt, it has been argued, has to be compensated for by central-nervous processing (Bischof, 1966).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A system-analytical approach, as initiated by Bischof and Scheerer (1970), envisages the problem of the perception of the vertical as a compensatory process. The angle of body tilt, it has been argued, has to be compensated for by central-nervous processing (Bischof, 1966).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel automatic procedure for measuring ocular counterrolling: A computeranalytical method to determine the eye’s roll angle while subjects work on perceptual tasks

Bucher

Heitger

Mast

et al. 1990

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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In investigations ofthe perception ofspace, the consideration of ocular counterrolling-the movement of the eye around its visual axis in response to body movement-is crucially important. The angle ofthis movement must be known in order for one to determine the precise retinal coordinates of a distal object. Following transformation, this stimulus serves as a reliable cue for visual direction. The otolith organs provide information about body tilt and are responsible for ocular counterrolling. A novel, noninvasive method to measure ocular counterrolling, based on the cross-correlation of digitized video pictures of the eyes, is presented. The resolution attained was :s0.1°. The computer analysis is fully automatic and fast, and it can be performed while subjects work on perceptual tasks. No direct access to the eyeballs is required. Data from 4 subjects showing the counterrolling profile in various body positions are presented. 433We are primarily interested in spatial orientation, and particularly in vertical perception. To investigate this phenomenon further, we bring our human subjects into various body positions in a dark environment, where they are presented with a luminous line. The subjects are requested to set this luminous line to the apparent vertical.A system-analytical approach, as initiated by Bischof and Scheerer (1970), envisages the problem of the perception of the vertical as a compensatory process. The angle of body tilt, it has been argued, has to be compensated for by central-nervous processing (Bischof, 1966).The position of the line with respect to the body position allows us to calculate the angular deviation of the subjective vertical from the gravity vector (see Figure 1). In order to determine the precise compensatory angle usedThe authorsare gratefulfor the assistance of Walter Schmidand Henri Gossweiler, who built most of the technical equipment. We thank Christopher Pryce for critical reading of the manuscript and his helpful suggestions. Special thanks are also due to the subjects who patiently took part in the experiments. Anyone who is interested in applying the presented algorithmshouldcontactthe authors. The programsare written in FORTRAN 77 using specific routines to access the video digitizer. We plan to adapt the software to Apple Macintosh computers with the appropriate hardware for video digitizing. Requests for reprints should be sent to

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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confidence: 99%

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A novel automatic procedure for measuring ocular counterrolling: A computeranalytical method to determine the eye’s roll angle while subjects work on perceptual tasks

Bucher

Heitger

Mast

et al. 1990

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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“…If a vertical line is surrounded by a large, laterally tilted frame, the observer may report that the line is tilted in the direction opposite to that of the frame (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962/1974. Similar effects have been obtained when the target line is placed over a striped background (Bischof & Scheerer, 1970;LechnerSteinleitner & Schone, 1980). The apparent orientation of a line can be disturbed also by a large visual display rotating around the observer's line of sight.…”

Section: S0s6mentioning

confidence: 81%

Spatial orientation: Visual-vestibular-somatic interaction

Parker

Poston

Gulledge

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

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Weare able to orient lines with respect to environmentally or egocentrically defined reference axes. To do this we must be able to compensate for disturbances produced by displacement of our eyes relative to other parts of our bodies and for visual disturbances such as tilted frames or moving visual fields. Compensation signals from somatosensory and vestibular receptors were examined in this investigation. Disturbances were produced by tilting the head and by rotating a large visual display. Compensation signals associated with gravity were manipulated by placing the observers horizontally on a board or seating them vertically. Experiment 1 examined effects of visual disturbance on the ability of supine observers to set a line to the longitudinal body axis while the head was tilted toward one shoulder or while the head was straight. Effects of the visual disturbance were greater when the head was tilted than when it was straight. This indicates that the effects of visual disturbance were greater for a task that required compensation. Experiment 2 compared the performance of supine and erect observers. No differences between the performance of observers on a task requiring the use of compensation signals were obtained under these two conditions. This suggests that enrichment of compensatory signals did not reduce the effects of visual disturbance. Experiment 2 did replicate the result from Experiment 1 that the effects of visual disturbance were greater when observers performed a task that required them to use compensation signals. Finally, Templeton's (1973) previous report that supine observers undercompensate for head tilt was replicated.Perception of orientation in space and of selfmotion depends on information provided by visual, vestibular, and somatosensory receptors. Given the validity of this premise, a basic question is apparent.

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“…These weighting procedures have been examined in various studies. When gravitational vertical and the vertical indicated by the visual background are brought into conflict, the perception of a vertical line can be influenced by off-vertical visual frames (Ebenholtz, 1977;Witkin & Asch, 1948) and by off-vertical visual background information (Bischof & Scheerer, 1970;Miiller, 1916), as well as by rotating visual displays (Dichgans, Held, Young, & Brandt, 1972;Mauritz, Dichgans, & Hufschmidt, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

Spatial reference in weightlessness: Perceptual factors and mental representations

Friederici

Levelt

1990

Perception & Psychophysics

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The role of gravity in spatial coordinate assignment and the mental representation of space were studied in three experiments, varying different perceptual cues systematically: the retinal, the visual background, the vestibular, and proprioceptive information. Verbal descriptions of visually presented arrays were required under different head positions (straight/tilt) and under different gravitational conditions (gravity present/gravity absent). The results of two experiments conducted with 2 subjects who participated in a space flight revealed that subjects are able to adequately assign positions in space in the absence of gravitational information, and that they do this by using their head-retinal coordinates as primary references. This indicates that they cognitively adapted to the perceptually new situation. The findings from a third experiment conducted with a larger group of subjects under a condition in which the gravitational information was present but irrelevant to the task being solved (subjects were in a horizontal supine position) show that subjects, in general, are flexible in using cues other than gravitational ones as references when the latter cannot serve as a referential system. These findings, together with the observation that consistent spatial assignment is possible even immediately after first exposure to the perceptually totally novel situation of weightlessness, seem to suggest that the mental representation of space, onto which given perceptual information is mapped, is independent of a particular percept.Perception of, orientation in, and communication about space are some of the most fundamental abilities in human beings. These abilities, which involve the storage and retrieval of spatial information in and from memory, necessarily require the existence of some mental representation or model of space. On the basis of such a mental model, one's perception of, behavior in, and, moreover, communication about space are organized. Unambiguous localization in space necessarily requires a frame of reference with respect to which spatial positions are defined.

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Systemanalyse der optisch-vestibul�ren Interaktion bei der Wahrnehmung der Vertikalen

Cited by 32 publications

References 11 publications

A novel automatic procedure for measuring ocular counterrolling: A computeranalytical method to determine the eye’s roll angle while subjects work on perceptual tasks

A novel automatic procedure for measuring ocular counterrolling: A computeranalytical method to determine the eye’s roll angle while subjects work on perceptual tasks

Spatial orientation: Visual-vestibular-somatic interaction

Spatial reference in weightlessness: Perceptual factors and mental representations

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