Systematic Analysis of Metabolic Pathway Distributions of Bacterial Energy Reserves

Abstract

19 20 Metabolism of energy reserves is essential for bacterial functions, such as pathogenicity, 21 metabolic adaptation, and environmental persistence, etc. Previous bioinformatics studies 22 43 Keywords 44 45 Energy reserve, Hidden Markov model, Evolution, Proteome, Metabolic pathway 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 addition, the enzyme phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) that catalyses the 129 acyl-CoA-independent formation of triacylglycerol in yeast and plants were also screened in 130 bacterial proteomes [13]. For metabolism of polyP, the key enzyme polyphosphate kinase 131 (PPK1) for synthesis and two degradation enzymes, intracellular polyphosphate kinase 2 132 (PPK2) and extracellular Ppx/GppA phosphatase (PPX), were included [2]. For glycogen 133 metabolism, two synthesis pathways were considered. The first one involves glucose-1-134 phosphate adenylyltransferase (GlgC), glycogen synthase (GlgA), and glycogen branching 135 enzyme (GlgB) [4]. The second pathway includes trehalose synthase/amylase (TreS), 136

Wax Ester and Triacylglycerol Production in Acinetobacter baumannii: Role in Osmostress Protection, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Antibiotic Sensitivity

“…Many γ-, δ-, and ε-Proteobacteria have the WS/DGAT, whereas two orders (Rhodobacterales and Enterobacterales) belonging to αand γ-Proteobacteria do not have WS/DGAT except for one species (Plesiomonas shigelloides). 5 Several of these bifunctional enzymes mediating WE and TAG synthesis have been analyzed with respect to structure, function, and biotechnological applications, such as synthesis of designed biodiesels. 30,31 Also WS/DGAT in the soil bacterium A. baylyi has been analyzed as an alternative for the production of oleochemicals and fuels, and genes encoding potential WS/DGAT enzymes can not only be found in A. baylyi but also are present in other Acinetobacter species such as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter oleivorans, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, and Acinetobacter pitii.…”

“…2 The final step in the biosynthesis of those lipids is catalyzed by an acyltransferase, which is often bifunctional and has WE synthase and acyl-coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) activity, and this enzyme has been identified in many Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. 5 Due to the economic value of WEs, great efforts have been made to increase their final lipid yield and broaden the product spectrum using diverse biotechnological and genetic approaches. 2 When it comes to this application, the soil bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi, the marine bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei, and the oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus are the main workhorses used in this field.…”

Influence of aphotic haloclines and euxinia on organic biomarkers and microbial communities in a thalassohaline and alkaline volcanic crater lake

“…The comparison of WE concentration profiles with the number of bacterial sequences would rather suggest a new biological source of these lipids within the Firmicutes or the uncultured ML635J‐40 aquatic group from the family Bacteroidales, potentially linked to the S cycle. Interestingly, a recent survey of 8 282 bacterial genomes showed that the key enzyme involved in WE synthesis in bacteria, WS/DGAT (Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl Coenzyme A:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase), is present in 673 species, mostly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria and the phylum Proteobacteria, but also in a few members from the FCB group (Wang et al, 2019). The investigated Firmicutes did not have WS/DGAT enzymes (Wang et al, 2019).…”

“…Interestingly, a recent survey of 8 282 bacterial genomes showed that the key enzyme involved in WE synthesis in bacteria, WS/DGAT (Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl Coenzyme A:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase), is present in 673 species, mostly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria and the phylum Proteobacteria, but also in a few members from the FCB group (Wang et al, 2019). The investigated Firmicutes did not have WS/DGAT enzymes (Wang et al, 2019). This would make the uncultured ML635J‐40 aquatic group from the family Bacteroidales a candidate for the origin of WE in the aphotic and anoxic waters of Lake Dziani Dzaha.…”